Smithsonian Institution Libraries
THE BIRDS
or
NORTH AMERICA
THE DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES BASED CHIEFLY ON THE COLLECTIONS
IN THE
MUSEUM OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.
BY
SPENCER F. B A I R D;
ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION,
WITH THE CO-OPERATION OF
JOHN CAS SIN,
OF THE ACADEMY OK NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA, AND
GEORGE N. LAWRENCE,
OF THE LYCEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY OF NEW YORK
mill} an $tlu of One pnouij 'plates.
TEXT.
PHILADELPHIA:
J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO.
1 8 G 0.
1
CONTENTS.
Page.,
Advertisement.. i
Preface in
Explanation of the plates vn
Systematic list of illustrations xin
Systematic list of the higher groups xvn
List of species xxv
Introductory remarks - 1
Order Eaptores 3
Order Scansores C5
Order Insessores 12G
Order Rasores 593
Order Grallatores 650
Order Natatores 754
Appendix A. Additional remarks on North American hirds 921
Appendix B. Birds found at Fort Bridgcr, Utah 926
Appendix C. List of authorities 928
Index of common names 955
Index of scientific names 963
ADVERTISEMENT.
The present work is, in part, a reprint of the General Report on North American Birds presented to the Department of War, and published in October, 1858, as one of the series of "Reports of Explorations and Surveys of a Railroad Route to the Pacific Ocean." In this volume, however, will be found many important additions and corrections, including detailed lists of plates, both numerical and systematic, descriptions of newly-discovered species, &c, not in the original edition.
The Atlas contains one hundred plates, representing one hundred and forty-eight new or unfigured species of North American birds. Of these plates about fifty appear for the first time, having been prepared expressly for this work. The remainder form the ornitho- logical illustrations of the Reports of the Pacific Railroad Survey, and of the United States and Mexican Boundary Survey under Major Emory, and are distributed throughout the numerous volumes composing those series. All have, however, been carefully retouched and lettered for this edition, and quite a number redrawn entirely from better and more characteristic specimens. In fact, the plates of the Atlas have been prepared expressly for the present edition with the utmost care and attention.
In the volume of text will be found a complete account of the birds of North America, brought down to the present time, including accurate descriptions of all known species : their arrangement in the genera and families recognized by modern zoologists ; their geographical distribution ; and, as far as possible, all other information necessary to a complete summary or manual of North American ornithology. No other work extant gives a complete ornithology of our country; and it has been the especial object of the authors and publishers to adapt it to the wants of the student and lover of nature, and to present in a condensed form, and at a price within the reach of all, a reliable text-book in this favorite department of natural history. Extended bibliographical notices, embracing full references to very nearly all authors on American ornithology, have been added, and will be found to be of high interest to the student and naturalist.
The Atlas, embracing as it does one hundred plates of birds not figured by Audubon, will be found indispensable to the possessor of that distinguished author's "Birds of America," completing it to the present time.
As stated in the preface, the descriptions and figures in the present work have been taken almost entirely from specimens in the museum of the Smithsonian Institution. To the Secretary of the Institution the publishers are under many obligations for facilities in the preparation of this much-extended and greatly-improved edition.
PREFACE.
The present report is a continuation of a systematic account of the vertebrate animals of North America, collected or observed by the different parties organized under the direction of the War Department for ascertaining the best route for a railroad from the Mississippi river to the Pacific ocean.
The collections of these expeditions having been deposited with the Smithsonian Institution by the War Department, in compliance with an act of Congress, the undersigned was charged by the Secretary of the Institution with the duty of furnishing the series of general reports upon them, as called for by the Department. The account of the mammals having been published in 1857, that of the birds is herewith furnished, prepared according to the plan announced in the preface to that volume.
As in the volume on the mammals, by the insertion of the comparatively few species not noticed by the expeditions, this report becomes an exposition of the present state of our knowl- edge of the birds of North America north of Mexico. This addition, while rendering the work more valuable to the reader, was absolutely necessary for the proper understanding of the western fauna, the species of which are generally so closely allied to the eastern forms as to require in most cases more minute and detailed descriptions of the latter than have been pub- lished.
Certain portions of the report have been prepared by Mr. John Cassin, of Philadelphia, and Mr. George N. Lawrence, of New York, well known as the leading ornithologists of the United States. Mr. Cassin has furnished the entire account of the Baptores from p. 4 to 64, of the Grallae from p. 689 to 753, and of the Alcidae from p. 900 to 918, in all about 135 pages. Mr. Lawrence has written the article on the Longipennes, Totipalmes, and Colynibidae, from page 820 to 900, making 80 pages.
To Mr. P. L. Sclater, of London, acknowledgments are due for the examination of certain specimens in European museums, and for other valuable aid in determining points of synonymy ; some of his notes, received too late for insertion in their proper places, will be found in Appendix A. Much assistance has also been rendered in various ways by Dr. J. G. Cooper.
In the introduction to the general report upon the mammals will be found a detailed account of the different railroad surveying parties from which zoological collections were received, with their respective routes. For the proper understanding of the subject, however, it will be necessary to present a brief recapitulation in this place.
1. Line of the 47th parallel, under Governor I. I. Stevens. — This consisted of two prin- cipal parties: one under Governor Stevens, passing from St. Paul, Minnesota, to the Pacific, accompanied by Dr. George Suckley, U. S. A., as surgeon and naturalist; the other under Captain G. B, McClellan, proceeding from Vancouver to the Cascade mountains, accompanied
IV
PREFACE.
by Dr. J. G. Cooper. After the termination of their official duties with the survey, Dr. Suck- ley made a very extensive collection of birds at the Dalles, and on Puget's Sound, and Dr. Cooper at Shoal water bay, on Puget's Sound, and at Santa Clara, California.
2. 38th and 39th parallels, under Captain J. W. Gunnison, and the 41st, under Captain E. G. Beckwith. — The duties of naturalist were performed by Mr. Kreuzfeldt until his death; afterwards by Mr. Snyder, of Captain Beckwith' s party.
3. 35th parallel, under Captain A. W. Whipple. — This party was at first divided into two : one under Captain Whipple, starting at Port Smith, accompanied by Mr. H. B. Molhausen, as naturalist; the other under Lieutenant Ives, from San Antonio, Texas, with Dr. Kennerly. Both parties met at Albuquerque, and proceeded together to the Pacific.
4. California line, under Lieutenant Williamson. — This party, with Dr. Heermann as naturalist, explored the country from San Francisco to the Tejon Pass and the Colorado river.
5. 32d parallel west, under Lieutenant J. G. Parke. — Lieutenant Parke's party, with Dr. Heermann as naturalist, traversed the route from Port Yuma to El Paso, and thence through Texas.
6. 32d parallel east, under Captain J. Pope. — Prom El Paso to Preston, on Red river. Captain Pope's collections include the very extensive series of birds gathered by Dr. T. C. Henry, U. S. A., at Port Thorn and on the Mimbres.
The preceding lines were organized in 1853 ; the following was sent out subsequently:
7. California and Oregon line, under Lieutenant Williamson. — This party explored the Cascade mountains of California and Oregon. The zoological collections were made by Dr. J. S. Newberry, geologist of the expedition.
In addition to the preceding railroad explorations, the results of the following miscellaneous government expeditions, made under the War Department, have been embodied in the report:
8. Exploration of the Llano Estacado, in 1854 and 1856, by Captain Pope.
9. Exploration of the Upper Missouri and Yellowstone in 1856, under Lieut. G. K. War- ren.— Very large collections of birds were made by this party, of which Dr. P. V. Hayden was surgeon and naturalist.
10. Exploration of the north side of the Platte river and Loup Fork in 1857, under Lieut. G. K. Warren. — On this second expedition of Lieut. Warren, (Dr. Hayden, naturalist,) large collections of birds were made, especially on Laramie Peak and Loup Fork.
11. Wagon road from Fort Riley to Bridger's Pass, under Lieut. F. T. Bryan. — -This party, with W. S. Wood as collector and naturalist, was in the field two seasons, 1856 and 1857, and made very large collections.
12. Survey of the Colorado river in 1857- 58, under Lieut. J. C. Ives. — H. B. Molhausen, zoologist, aided by Dr. J. S. Newberry, geologist.
The following expeditions, under the Department of the Interior, have also furnished important materials :
13. Survey of the United States and Mexican Boundary line in 1851 to 1855. — The col- lections of this survey were made while Mr. John R. Bartlett, Mr. R. B. Campbell, and Major W. H. Emory, U. S. A., were commissioners; and Col. J. D. Graham, U. S. A., and Major Emory, U.S.A., were in charge of the scientific department. The collections were made by Messrs. John H. Clark, Arthur Schott, Charles Wright, Dr. T. H. Webb, and Dr. C. B. Kennerly.
PREFACE.
V
14. Fort Kearney, South Pass and Honey Lake Wagon Road, Eastern Division, under W. M. F. Magraw. — On this route large collections were make by Dr. J. G. Cooper, surgeon of the party, as far as Fort Laramie, in 1857, and on his return eastward. His assistant, Mr. C. Drexler, visited Fort Bridger, Utah, in March, 1858, and mainly through the countenance of General A. S. Johnston, commander of the United States forces stationed there, was enabled to make a very large collection of the birds of that region. His collections were received too late for mention in their proper places, but ai*e given in Appendix B.
Parties fitted out by the State Department:
15. Survey op the Northwestern Boundary, under Archibald Campbell. — Occasional refer- ences will be found to collections received from this party, of which Dr. C. B. Kennerly is surgeon and naturalist, made chiefly at Simeahmoo bay, Puget's Sound, near the mouth of Fraser's river.
The following less official collections from the west and south have been used in the prepara- tion of the report :
From the Pacific slope. — The very large private collections of Dr. Suckley, in Washington and Oregon Territories, and of Dr. Cooper, in Washington Territory and California, already referred to.
Also, additional collections of great magnitude made along the whole Pacific coast of the United States by Lieut. W. P. Trowbridge, while engaged on Coast Survey duty; by Mr. E. Samuels, at Petaluma, California, and by Mr. John Xantus de Vesey, at Fort Tejon.
Likewise collections of greater or less extent made by Dr. John Potts, U. S. A., Mr. A. J. Grayson, Dr. John F. Hammond, U. S. A., Richard D. Cutts, Mr. A. Cassidy, Dr. W. F. Tolmie, Dr. Vollum, U. S. A., and Dr. W. S. King, U. S. A.
From the Rocky mountain regions. — The very complete collection of birds of Fort Thoni and the adjacent regions, made by Dr. T. C. Henry, U. S. A. ; also, collection from Fort Massachusetts, New Mexico, made by Dr. D. W. C. Peters, U. S. A. ; at Cantonment Burgwyn, New Mexico, by Dr. W. W. Anderson, U. S. A. ; and by Captain R. B. Marcy, near Cochetope Pass.
From Texas and Mexico. — The large collection of Lieut. D. N. Couch, U. S. A., in Texas and northern Mexico; of Captain S. Van Vliet, U. S. A., at Brownsville; of Dr. Swift, U.S.A., at Fort Chadb'ourne, Texas, and of Drs. Foard and Crawford, U. S. A. ; also, of Mr. Gustavus Wurdemann, of the United States Coast Survey, on the coast of Texas. The further collections of this gentleman on the coast of Louisiana, of Florida, and among the Florida Keys, have contained several new species, and many species new to the fauna of the United States.
From Nebraska, Kansas, and elsewhere. — Collections made in Kansas and Nebraska by Dr. W. A. Hammond, U. S. A., and Mr. John Xantus de Vesey; by Dr. Hayden, Colonel Alfred Vaughan, Indian agent, and Dr. J. Evans. On Red River of the North by Donald Gunn, esq. Also large collections made in Minnesota and Illinois by Mr. R. Kennicott, partly under the auspices of the Northwestern University of Evanston, Illinois; others made in Wisconsin by Dr. Hoy and Mr. Barry; in Ohio by Dr. J. P. Kirtland; and near Chicago by Mr. Thomas E. Blackney. Also collections made in Georgia by Professor Joseph Leconte.
A collection of about 150 species received from Mr. John Gould, of London, contains many rare birds from the northwest and Arctic regions, (some of them types of the "Fauna Boreali- Americana,") as well as others from Mexico and Guatemala. The latter have proved of great service for comparison with closely allied species of the United States, as have also specimens
VI
PREFACE.
from Mr. P. L. Sclater, of London, Mr. J. P. Verreaux, of Paris, and Messrs. J. H. Gurney and Alfred Newton, of Norwich, England.
The types of eastern birds have been furnished by the collection of the author deposited in the Smithsonian Institution. This consists of a full collection of birds of Central Pennsylvania, with sex, date, and measurements before skinning. It also embraces a large number of Mr. Audubon's typical specimens used in the preparation of his "Birds of America," including many of those from the Columbia river and Rocky mountains, furnished him by Mr. J. K. Townsend.
In addition to the collections just mentioned, with others not enumerated, all in charge of the Smithsonian Institution, and amounting to over 12,000 specimens, types have been supplied for the occasion by Mr. Cassin, Mr. Lawrence, Mr. John G-. Bell, Dr. Michener, and others. The ornithological gallery of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, believed to be the richest in the world, has also furnished the means of making many essential comparisons.
The measurements of the specimens have usually been made in hundredths of the English inch,1 mostly with the dividers. All the measurements in the list of specimens are as made before the bird was skinned, each collector being responsible for the accuracy of his work. The comparative tables of measurements show, in many cases, the change of dimensions produced in the dried skin.
S. F. B.
Washington, October 20, 1858.
i-The English inch is about equal to 11.26 French lines, .9383 French inches, or to 25.40 millimetres.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES.*
Page.
Plate 1. Falco fcmoralk, Temm. — Aplornado. — Dr. Heerraaun's specimen from New Mexico 11
2. Buieo cleyaiis, Cassin. — Red-bellied Hawk. — Adult. Dr. Heermann's specimen from California 28
3. Bitlto degans, Cassin. — Young. No. 8524. New Mexico - 28
4. Fig. 1. Passerculus almdinu.%, Box. — Lark Sparrow — 44G
Fig. 2. Peucam cmsinii, Baird — Cassin's Finch Dr. Woodhouse's type specimen 485
5. Myiarchm meticanus, Baird.— Ash-throated Flycatcher - 179
G. Tryiigiks rvfescens, Cabanis. — Buff-breasted Sandpiper. — San Antonio, Texas. (Type of Dr. Heer- mann's species Actidurvs naevim) - - - 739
7. Strepsilm melanocephala, Vigors. — Black-headed Turnstone. — California . 702
8. Podkeps ajlifornicus, Heermann. — California Grebe. — California. From Dr. Heermann's type spe-
cimen. (Closely related to, if not the young of Podkeps auriiui, L.) — 890
9. PothjUmbus podke-ps, Lawr. — Carolina Grebe. — Young. California. From the type of Podylimfms line-
aim, Heermanti 898
10. Graculua penkillatux, Bonap. — Brandt's Cormorant — Farallone Islands. Dr. Heermann 880
11. Falco niyrkeps, Cassin. — Black-Capped Hawk. — Shoalwatcr Bay 8
12. Buteo swainsoni, Bonap. — Swainson's Buzzard. — Specimens from Captain Beckwith's collection.
Utah 19
13. Buieo sivainsoni, Bonap. — More adult plumage than the preceding. Captain Beckwith. Utah 19
14. BuUo calurus, Cassin. — Black Ked-tail Hawk. — 8527. Coppermines of New Mexico. (Now in
museum of Philadelphia Academy.) 2G
15. Fig. 1. Balm fuliyinosus, Sclater. — Dusky Hawk. — New Mexico. Dr. Henry. Museum Philadelphia
Academy. (Species described in Pr. Zool. Soc, London, 1858, 356'.).,
Fig. 2. Buteo oxypterus, Cassin. — Sharp-winged Hawk. — Same locality and collector as the preceding. Mu- seum Philadelphia Academy. N. B. These two figures probably represent adult and young of the same species, the latter name
having priority 30
10. Buteo cooperi, Cassin. — Cooper's Hawk. — No. 8525. Santa Clara county, California 31
17. Chordeiles henryi, Cassin. — Western Night Hawk.— GG98. Female. Upper Rio Grande. (The bird
is represented of too large size by the figure) 153
18. Fig. 1. Panyptila melanoleuca, Baird.— White-throated Swift. — No. 6017. Bill Williams's Fork 141
Fig. 2. Cfuzetura vauxii, Dekay. — Oregon Swift. Type specimen in Museum Philadelphia Academy 145
19. Atthis costae, Reich.— Ruffed Humming Bird.— Male and female, Nos. G073, G074. Bill Williams's
Fork, New Mexico. - _ 138
20. Corvus caealotl, Wagler. — Colorado Raven. — G855. Colorado Desert 5G3
21. Corvus camivorus, Bartrah. — American Raven. 5G0
ft Where not otherwise mentioned, the specimens figured are to be considered as in the museum of the Smithsonian Institu- tion, and the numbers refer to the Smithsonian record of birds. The original of each figure is indicated as far as can now be ascertained.
VIII
EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
Page.
Plate 22. Corvus cryptoleucus, Couch. — White-necked Crow. — No. 4118. Charco Escondido. Type specimen- 505
23. Corvus americanus, Aud. — Common American Crow. — Eastern United States 566
24. Corvus caurinus, Baird — Western Fish Crow. — Washington Territory 569
25. Pica hudsonica, Bon. — American Magpie. — Rocky Mountains .. 576
26. Pica nutlalli, Aud. — Yellow-billed Magpie. — California... 57S
27. Fig. 1. Carpodacus cassinii, Baihd. — Cassin's Purple Finch. — Type specimen from New Mexico 414
Fig 2. Melospizafallax, Baird. — Mountain Song Sparrow. — Type from Pueblo Creek, New Mexico - 481
28. Fig. 1. Junco dorsalis, Henry.— Eed-backed Snowbird.— 9270 —Fort Thorn, N. M. Type 467
Fig. 2. rasserculus sandwichensis, Baird. — Nootka Sparrow. — 10263. Male. Russian America 444
29. Pipilo mesoleucus, Baird. — Canon Finch. — New Mexico 518
30. Pipilo abertii, Baird. — Abert's Towhec. New Mexico 517
31. Pyranga hepalica, Swalne. — Mountain Tanager. — Fort Thorn, N. M. Museum Phila. Academy.. 302
32. Quiscalus baritus, Vieill. — Florida Blackbird. — 10336. — Male. Indian Key, Fla 556
33. Fig. 1. Potioptiln plumbea, Baird. — Western Gnat Catcher. — 7181. Colorado river. (The figure beneath
it represents the coloration of the tail) 382
Fig. 2. PsaUnparus plumbeus, Baird. — Lead-colored Tit. — 0777. Colorado river. Type 398
Fig. 3. Silta aeukata, Cassin.— Slender-billed Nuthatch. — Profile of head —10209. Fort Tejon 375
Fig. 4. Sitta carolinensis, Gmelin. — White-bellied Nuthatch. — Profile of head. Pennsylvania 374
34. Fig. 1. Sphyropicus williatnsonii, Baird. — Williamson's Woodpecker. North California 105
Fig. 2. Icleria longicauda, Lawrence. — Long-tailed Chat. — From the type belonging to Mr. G. N. Lawrence.
(No. 8602.) California 249
35. Fig. 1. Sphyropicus nuchalis, Baird.— Red-throated Woodpecker.— Male.— 10769. Fort Bridger 103.921
Fig. 2. Sphyropicus nuchalis, Baird. — Head of female. — 10783. Fort Bridger 103
36. Centurm uropyyialis, Baird. — Gila Woodpecker. — Bill Williams's Fork. — Type. Two figures of the
male bird. The female lacks the red of the crown Ill
37. Grusfraterculus, Cassin. —Little Crane.— 10378. Albuquerque, N. M. Type 650
38. Podiceps occidentalis, Lawrence. — Western Grebe. Washington Territory 894
39. (I.)* Sco/w me'ealU, Cassin. — Western Mottled Owl. Texas 50
40. (II.) Fig. 1. Trogon mexicanus, Sw — Mexican Trogon. — 4338. New Leon. Fig. 2. Under view of tail of a
different specimen 65
41. (III.) Fig. 1. Picus scalaris, Wagler — Texas Sap-sucker — Male. Texas 94
Fig. 2. Picus nuitallii, Gambel — Nuttal's Woodpecker. — Male 93
By an error in the plate the whitish nasal bristles of P. nutlallii are not shown in contradis- tinction to the smoky brown ones of P. scalaris.
42. (IV.) Centurut ft wiventris, Sw. — Yellow-bellied Woodpecker. — Fig. 1, male. — Fig. 2, female. Texas 110
43. (V.) Figs. 1 and 2. Selasphorus pljtycercus, Gould — Broad-tailed Humming-bird 135
Fig. 3. Trochilus alexandr, Bouro — Black-chinned Humming-bird. — Male. In Dr. Heermann's collection. 133
44. (VI.) Chordeiles texensis, Lawrence. — Texas Night Hawk. Texas 154
45. (VII.) Ceryle americana, Boie — Texas Kingfisher. — Fig. 1 : Adult ; fig. 2 : Young — Texas 159
46. (VIII.) Momotus caeruliceps, Gould — Saw-bill. — From a Mexican specimen in the Museum of the Phila-
delphia Academy 101
47. (IX.) Fig. 1. Pachyrhamphus aglaiae, Lafr. — Rose-throated Flycatcher. — Male. 4025 New Leon. (Pla-
typsaris affinis of Elliot) _ 164
Fig. 2. Bathimidurus major, Cabanis. — Thick-bill.— Female. 4026. New Leon 166
Fig. 3. My iarchus lawrencii, Baird — Lawrence's Flycatcher. — Female. 10028. New Leon.. 181
" The figures in parenthesis refer to the numbers of the plates in the Mexican Boundary series.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
IX
Page.
Plate 48. (X.) Tijrannus vociferans, Sw. — Cassin's Flycatcher. — New Mexico 174
49. (XI ) Fig. 1. Tyrannus couchii, Baird. — Couch's Flycatcher. — New Leon. Type... 175
Fig. 2 Tyrannus melancholicus, Vibill. — Silent Flycatcher. — Tail. (A south Mexican species introduced
to show the difference in emargination of tail from T. couchii) . 176
Fig. 3. Empidonax obscurus, Baird. — Wright's Flycatcher.— 7234. El Paso 200
50. (XII.) Ilarporhynchus lecontii, Bjnap, — Leconte's Thrush. — Fort Yuma. From the type in collection of Geo.
N. Lawrence - . 350
51. (XIII.) llarporhynchus curvirostris, Cab. — Curve-billed Thrush. — 7200. Ringgold Barracks, Texas . 351
52. (XIV.) llarporhynchus longirostris, Cab. — Texas Thrasher. — Mexico 352
53. (XV.) Fig. 1. Lophophani's u\>ll weberi, Bonap. — Wollweher's Titmouse. — Fort Thorn. Museum Philadelphia
Academy 386
Fig. 2. Paroides flaviceps, Baird — Verdin.— Texas. 400
Fig. 3. Psaltriparus mdanotus, Bonap.— Black-cheeked Tit. — Guatemala. Museum Philadelphia Academy. 396
54. (XVI.) Fig. 1. Chrysomitris mexicanus, Bonap. — Mexican Goldfinch 424
Fig. 2. Spermophila moreletii, Puciieran. — Little Seed-eater. — Male. From specimen belonging to P. L.
Selater. Fig. 3. Sp'runphili nu'-t'ldii. Female. Lt Couch's collection ..... ... 506
55. (XVII.) Fig. 1. Spizella atrigularis, Baird. — Black-chinned Sparrow. — 4335. Coahuila 476
Fig. 2. Embernagra rufivirgata, Lawr. — Texas Finch. — Texas .- - 373
56. (XVIII.) Fig. 1. Cyanospiza partllina, Baird. — Blue Bunting.— 4076. New Leon 502
Fig. 2. Cyanospiza versicolor, Baird. — Varied Bunting. — 4075. New Leon . .... 503
57. (XIX.) Fig. 1. Icterus parisorum, Bonap. — Scott's Oriole. — 4056. Male. New Leon. Type of Icterus scoltii,
Couch - 544
Fig. 2. Icterus wagleri, Sclater. — Wagler's Oriole. — Male. 4058. Coahuila 545
58. (XX.) Quiscalus macroura, Sw.— Long-tailed Grakle.— Texas 553
59. (XXI.) Cyanocitta woodhousii, Baird. — Woodhouse's Jay. — 9345. San Francisco Mountains, New Mexico... 585
60. (XXII ) Fig. 1. Cyanocitta sordida, Baird. — Mountain Jay. — 9095. Mexico 587
Fig. 2. Cyanocitta ultramarina, Strickl. — Ultramarine Jay. — Bill and tail, to show the difference from the
preceding species. 4113. Male. Monterey, Mexico - 588
01. (XXIII.) Columbajlaviroslris, Wagl.— Red-billed Dove.— 4111. New Leon 598
02. (XXIV.) Ortyx texanus, Lawr. — Texan Quail. — Male and female. Dr. Heermann's collection 472
03. (XXV.) Fig. 1. Dendrocygnafulva^jvtat: — Brown Tree Duck. — 10399. Male. Fort Tejon 770
Fig. 2. Dendrocygna aulumnalis, 'Eytox.— Long-legged Duck.— 9871. Texas 770
64. Asturina nitida, Bonap. — Mexican Hawk. — Fig. 1 : Adult. Collection of Phila. Academy. Fig. 2:
4128. Young female. San Diego, Mex 35
05. Rostrhamus sociabilis, D'Orb. — Black Kite. — Fig. 1 : Adult. Museum Phila. Academy. Fig. 2 :
Young. Specimen from Florida in Museum Phila. Academy .... 38
66. Syrnium occidenlale, Xantus. — Tejon|Owl — Type °
67. Fig. 1. Corvus floridanus, Baird.— Florida Crow.— 10374. Male. South Florida. Type 568
Fig. 2. Corvus ossifragus, Wilson. — Fish Crow. — 4515. Male. Washington, D. C 571
* Syrnium occidentale, Xantus. — Proceedings Phila. Acad. Nat. Sciences, 1859, 193. Sp. Char. — A little smaller than S. nebulosum ; general color liver brown, the feathers barred everywhere, even on the flanks Axillars and under wing and tail coverts banded transversely with white, the bands towards and on the head are contracted into rounded spots.
General appearance that of S. nebulosum. Prevailing color light liver brown, each short feather with two transverse bars of white, the basal one tinged with rufous yellow ; the subterminal pure white and not generally extending to the edges of the feathers. These bars have a marginal suffusion of brown darker than the ground color. On the top of the head and neck the subterminal bar exhibits a tendency to contraction into rounded or cordate spots, and in other places to a median
X
EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
Page.
Plate 68. PsUorhinus mono, Gray. — Brown Jay.— From specimens in Museum of Phila. Academy. Not those
described in the text. Fig. 2 : Head of the yellow-billed variety..... 592
69. Fig. 1. Zimotrichia gambdu, Gambel. — Gambel's Finch.— C205. Male. Sacramento 460
Fig. 2. Zotwtrkhia leucophrys, Sw. — White-crowned Sparrow. Figure of head to show the difference in the
supra-ocular white stripe from that of the preceding species. 1506. Male. Carlisle, Pa 458
Fig. 3. Passerella schistxm, Baird. — Slate-colored Sparrow. — 11231. Male. Fort Bridger. (Upper
mandible too stout.) _ 400,925
Fig. 4. rasserelkt schistacea, var. megarhynchus. The thick-billed variety or species (?) from Fort Tejon.
12402. Female. Fort Tejon 400
70. Fig. 1. Melospixt heermanni, Baird. — Heermann's Finch. — 10272. Male. Fort Tejon 478
Fig. 2. Mdospiza gouldii, Baikd. — Gould's Sparrow. — 8053. California. — Type 479
71. Fig. 1. Ammadromus samuelis, Baird. — Samuel's Finch. — 7098. Male. Petaluma, Cal., August, 1856. Type. 455
Fig. 2. Euphoria ekgantusima, Gray.— Blue-headed Tanager. — Male. 560. Bio Grande valley 304
Fig. 3. Euphonia elegantissima, Gray.— Female. From specimen in Museum Phila. Academy from Mexico.
72. Fig. 1. Juneocaniceps, Baied.— Gray-headed Snow Bird. —11159. Female. Fort Bridger. April, 1858 .. 408 Fig. 2. Carpodacus califontkus, Bated.— Western purple Finch.— Male. 10230. Fig. 3. Female. 10231.
Fort Tejon 413
73. PipUa megalonyz, Baied.— Spurred Towhee.— 10287, Male. Fort Tejon 515
74. Fig. 1. Lcucosticte arctous, Bonai-. — Arctic Finch. — Specimen from Kamschatka in museum Philadelphia
Academy _ 430
Fig. 2. Pleclrophanes mdanomtis, Bairv. — Black-shouldered Longspur. — Specimen in Philadelphia Academy
from Nebraska 43(5
75. Fig. 1. Oollyrk degans, Baird. — White-winged Shrike.— (From specimen in museum of the Philadelphia
Academy, brought from California by Wm. Gambel ; its precise locality unknown) 328
Fig. 2. Collyrio ezcubiloroiJes, Baird. — White-rumped Shrike. — No. 8720. Fort Yuma 327
76. Fig. 1. Empidonax hammondii, Baird. — Hammond's Flycatcher. — Fort Tejon -- 190
Fig. 2. Empidonax difficilis, Baird. Western Flycatcher. — California 198
77. Fig. 1. Seiophaga miniata, Sw.— Bed-bellied Flycatcher. — Specimen from Xalapa, in Phila. Academy 299
Fig. 2. Seiophaga picta, Sw— Painted Flycatcher.— 4014. Male. New Leon, Mex 298
78. Fig. 1. Vireo cassinii, Baird. — Cassin's Vireo. — Type from Fort Tejon 340
Fig. 2. Vireo huttoni, Cassin. — Hutton's Vireo. — Type from Monterey - 339
Fig. 3. Vino philaddphiats, Cassin. — Philadelphia Vireo -- 335
interruption along the shaft. On the scapulars, axillars, and other elongated feathers there are several white bars. The facial disk is grayish, obscurely barred with brown ; the posterior margin of the ear is uniform liver brown, then becoming banded with white. The longest quills and tail feathers show about 7 to 9 clouded transverse light bars, one of these at the end of the feather ; the bars on the inner and outer margins are quite white, especially towards the base of the feather, elsewhere they are mottled yellowish brown or brownish yellow ; the legs are dirty yellowish, with obscure and rather trans- verse mottlings of brown. The bill is greenish j7ellow ; the iris gamboge; the claws horn color; the toes are thickly feathered to within two scutella} of the base of the claws. The fourth quill is longest, the fifth and then the third a little shorter, the second between the sixth and seventh ; the first rather shorter than the eighth. Length of male 18 inches ; extent 40 ; -wing 13 ; tail 8£ ; tarsus about 2.
This species, with a general resemblance to the Syrnium nehulosum, is of rather smaller size, and readily distinguished by the entire absence of any of the longitudinal brown stripes so conspicuous on the belly, flanks, and lower tail coverts of the latter species ; these regions being barred transversely with white and brown. The white bars on the feathers are much less continuous and regular, and on the neck and head are restricted to rounded spots instead of forming regular zones. The under wing coverts are banded transversely instead of being uniform yellowish white The bill is less pure yellow.
A single specimen (original number 1858) was collected at Fort Tejon, March 6, 1858.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
XI
rjK.>.
Platj; 79. Fig. 1. Ilelminthoplwga virginiae, Baied. — Virginia's Warbler. — 10719. Cantonment Burgwyn, N. M. Dr.
Anderson. Type specimen e
Fig. 2. Oporornis agilis, Baied.— Connecticut Warbler.— 2309. Male. Carlisle, Pa. May 20, 1845. (The
first quill should be longest) - 24G
Fig. 3. Geothlypis Philadelphia, Bmxd. — Mourning Warbler.— Head and breast— G89. Male. Carlisle, Pa.. 213
Fig. 4. Geothlypis macgillivroyi, Baied. — Macgillivray's Warbler. — Head and breast .. 214
80. Fig. 1. Seiurus noveboracensis, Nutt. — Water Thrush.— 1502. Male. Carlisle., Pa 2G1
Fig. 2. Seiurus ludovicianus, Bonai\— Large-billed Water Thrush.— 964. Male. Carlisle, Pa 202
81. Fig. 1. Tardus ustulatus, Nuttaix. — Oregon Thrush.— Lower figure. 2040. Columbia river. (Mr. Nuttall's
type - -- 215
Fig. 2. Turdus aliciae, Baied.— Gray-cheeked Thrush.— Upper figure. 10084. West Northfield, Illinois.
Type... 217
82. Ilirporhynchuscrissalis, Heney. — Red-vented Thrush. — 8127. Fort Thorn. Museum of Phila. Acad.
Type. . 351
83. Fig. 1. Thryothorm berlandieri, Coucn. — Berlandier's Wren. — 7123. Male. New Leon. Type 3C2
Fig. 2. Certhia mexicana, Glogue — Mexican Creeper. — 8176. Mexico — 373
Fig. 3. Certhiola flaveiola., Suno.— Yellow-rumped Creeper.— 103C7. Indian Key, Fla. Jan. 31, 1S58. (The
yellow of the rump is not exhibited) 924
84. Fig. 1. Orotopliaga rugiroslris, Sw. — Black Tarrot.— 8639. Male. Tortugas. June, 1857 71
Fig. 2. Crotophaga ani, Linn. — Aid. Head. From specimen shot near Philadelphia; in the museum of the
Phila. Academy _ 72
85. Fig. 1. Picoides dor$(dis, Baied.— Striped Three-toed Woodpecker. — Specimen from Pike's Peak, in Phila.
Academy „- .- - 100
Fig. 2. Picus gairdneri, Aire. — Gairdner's Woodpecker. — Male. 6101. Shoalwater Bay, W. T 91
Fig. 3. Picus gairdneri, Female. Figure of the head. 3905. California
86. Ardea wurdemanni, Baied. — Wiedemann's Heron. — South Florida 061
87. Ibis guarauna, Shaw. — Bronzed Ibis. — New Mexico. In Museum of Philadelphia Academy f
88. Iletcroicelus brevipes, Baied. — Wandering Tatler. — From Sandwich Islands. Specimens in Museum
of Phila. Academy 734
89. Fig. 1. Tringa cooperi, Baied. — Cooper's Sandpiper. — 5989. Long Island. May 24, 1833 _ 716
Fig. 2. Crei pratentis, Beciist. — Corn-Crake. — From specimen in Phila. Academy. Shot at Salem, N. J. . 751
90. Aegialitis nivosa, Cassin. — Western Plover. — Fig. 1. Male. 12802. April 8, 1857. San Francisco.
' Fig. 2 : Female. 13724. October 24, 1857. 095
91. Fig. 1. Nettion crecca, Kaup. — English Teal. — From a European specimen in Museum of Phila. Academy. 778 Fig. 2. Mareea pentlape, Bonap. — European Widgeon. — Specimen from Long Island in Museum of Phila.
Academy 784
92. Fig. 1. Erisnialura dominica, Eyton. — Black-masked Duck. — Male. From specimen in collection of the
Boston Society of Natural History shot on Lake Champlain. Fig. 2. Female. From a South American specimen in Museum of Phila. Academy — 811
Helminthophaga virginiae, Baied. — Similar in general appearance to II. rvficapilla. Top and sides of head, back, and wings light ashy plumbeous, with an almost imperceptible wash of olivaceous green; quills and tail feathers brown, edged with pure ashy plumbeous; the latter indistinctly and narrowly margined with whitish internally and at the end. Bump and upper and lower tail coverts bright yellow (with a greenish tint above) in vivid contrast to the rest of the body. Crown with a concealed patch of orange brown. Rest of under parts brownish white with indications of yellow along the median region, (perhaps entirely yellow when mature.) Inside of wings and axillars whitish. A white ring around the eye. Length 5 inches; extent 7J; wing 2£. No. 10719. Fort Burgwyn, N. M. Collected by Dr. W. W. Anderson, U. S. A.
y Ibis guarauna, Shaw. — This species differs from Ibis ordii, in longer legs, and an entire absence of chestnut red, which is replaced by bronzed green. No specimens in the Smithsonian collection show any gloss on the head and neck.
XII
EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
Page.
Plate 93. Fig. 1. Chroicocephalus cucullatus, Bruch — Hooded Gull.— 4320. Calcasieu, La. (The hood should
extend further on the throat.) _ 851
Fig. 2. Chroicocephalus franklinii, Bruch — Franklin's Eosy Gull.— 4897. Kanesville, Mo. April 28,
1856 851
94. Sterna elegans, Gambel. — Elegant Tern. — From specimen shot in the harbor of San Francisco by
Mr. J. Hepburn 8G0
95. Sterna pikci, Lawr. — Slender-billed Tern. — From original in collection of Geo. N. Lawrence 863
96. Fig. 1. Uria columba, Cassin. — Western Guillemot. — North Pacific. Capt. Ilodgers 912
Fig. 2. Uria grylle, Latham. — Black Guillemot.— Sea of Ochotsk. Capt. Bodgers' collection in Smithsonian
Museum 911
97. Uria carbo, Brandt. — Crow Guillemot. — From Kamschatka. Phila. Academy 913
98. Graculus mexicanus, Bonap. — Mexican Cormorant. — Phila. Academy 879
99. Fig. 1. Podiceps dominicus, Latham. — White-winged Grebe — From specimen in Museum of Phila. Academy
from Xalapa, Mex... 897
Fig. 2. T halassidroma melanin, Bon ap. — Black Stormy Petrel. — 13725. San Francisco 830
100. Podiceps Clarkii, Lawrence.— Clarke's Grebe. 9930. Female. Chihuahua 895
SYSTEMATIC LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
Page
6. Falco nigriceps, Cassin — Plato XI - 8
9. Hypotriorehis femoralis, Gray — Plate I - - 11
18. Buteo swainsoni, Bonap. — Plates XII, XIII 1!)
20. Buteo calurus, Cassin— Plate XIV - - 22
26. Buteo elegans, Cassin— Plate II, adult— Plate III, young 28
28. Buteo oxypterus, Cassin— Plate XV, fig. 2 30
«28. Buteo fuligiuosus, Scl. —Plate XV, fig. 1.
29. Buteo cooperi, Cassin — Plate XVI 31
33. Asturina nitida, Bonap. — Plate LXIV, adult and young - - 35
37. Rostrharaus sociabilis, D'Orb. —Plate LXV, figs. 1, 2, adult and young.. 38
50. Scops mccallii, Cassin— Plate XXXIX . . 50
°54. Syrnium occidentale, Xanlus — Plate LXVI.
65. Trogon mexicanus, Swainson — Plate XL 65
66. Crotophaga rugirostris, Sw. —Plate LXXXIV, fig. 1 71
67. Crotophaga ani, Linn. — Tlate LXXXIV, fig. 2. 72
77. Picus gairdneri, And. —Plate LXXXV, figs. 2, 3, male and female 91
78. Picus nuttalli, Gambel— Plate XLI, fig. 2 93
79. Picus scalaris, Wagler — Plate XLI, fig. 1 91
84. Picoides dorsalis, Baird— Plate LXXXV, fig. 1 100
86. Sphyropicus nuchalis, Baird— Plate XXXV, figs. 1, 2
88. Sphyropicus williamsonii, Baird- -Plate XXXIV, fig. 1 105
92. Centurus flaviventris, Sw. —Plate XLII 110
93. Centurus uropygialis, Baird— Plate XXXVI Ill
102. Trochilus alexandri, Bourc. &f Hals— Plate XLIV, fig. 3 133
104. Selasphorus platycerus, Gould— Plate XLIII, figs. 1,2 135
106. Atthis costae, Reichenb. —Plate XIX, male and female . „ 138
107. Panyptila melanoleuca, Baird— Plate XVIII, fig. 1 141
110. Chaetura vauxii, Dekay- Plate XVIII, fig. 2 145
115. Chordeiles henryi, Cassin— Plate XVII 153
116. Chordeiles texensis, Lawrence— Plate XLIV 154
118. Ceryle americana, Boie— Plate XLV 159
119. Momotus caeruliceps, Gould— Plate XLVI 161
120. Pachyrhamphus aglaiae, Lafresn. — Plate XL VII, fig. 1, male. 164
121. Bathmidurus major, Cab. —Plate XLVII, fig. 2, female 166
127. Tyrannus vociferans, Sw. —Plate XLVIII 174
128. Tyrannus couchii, Baird— Plate XLIX, fig. 1 175
129. Tyrannus melancholicus, Vieill. — Plate XLIX, fig. 2 176
131. Myiarchus mexicanus, Baird — Plate V 179
133. Myiarchus lawrencii, Baird — Plate XLVII, fig. 3 - 181
144a. Empidonax difficilis, Baird— Plate LXXVI, fig. 2 198
The figures to the left of the name refer to the systematic list of North American birds in the first volume.
XIV
SYSTEMATIC LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
Tage.
145. Empidonax hanimondii, Baird — Plate LXX VI, fig. 1 190
140. Empidonax obscums, Btird — Plate XLIX, fig. 3 200
152. Turdus ustulatus, NuUaU— Plate LXXXI, fig. 1 215
154. Turdus aliciae, Beard — Plate LXXXI, fig. 2 217
172. Geothlypis Philadelphia, Baird— Plate LXX1X, fig. 3 .... 243
173. Geothlypis macgillivrayi, Baird— Plate LXXIX, fig. 4 244
174. Oporornis agilis, Baird — Plate LXXIX, fig. 2 24C
177. Icteria longicauda, Law.— Plate XXXIV, fig. 2 249
183a. Helminthophaga virginiae, Baird —Plate LXXIX, fig. 1.
187. Seiurus noveboracensis, Null. — Plate LXXX, fig. 1— 201
188. Seiurus ludovicianus, Bonap. — Flate LXXX, fig. 2 202
218. Setophaga picta, Sw. —Plate LXXVII , fig. 2 298
219. Setophaga miniata, Sw. —Plate LXXVIII, fig. 1 299
222. Pyranga hepatica, Sw. —Plate XXXI 302
224. Euphonia elegantissima, Gray— Plate LXXI, figs. 2,3 „. 304
238. Collyrio excubitoroides, Baird — Plate LXXV, fig. 2 327
239. Collyrio elegans, Baird— Plate LXXV, fig. 1 328
244. Vireo philadelphicus, Cassin— Plate LXXVIII, fig. 3 335
249. Vireo huttoni, damn— Plate LXXVIII, fig. 2 339
251. Vireo cassinii, Santas — Plate LXXVIII, fig. 1 340
257. Harporhynchus lecontii, Bonap. — Plate L 350
258. Harporhynchus crissallis, Henry — Plate LXXX1I 351
259. Haiporhynchus curvirostris, Ca. — Plate LI 351
200. Harporhyncus longirostris, Cab. — Plate LII 352
200. Thryothorus berlandieri, Couch— Plate LXXXIII, fig. 1 362
270. Certhia mexicana, Gloger — Plate LXXXIII, fig. 2 373
277. Sitta carolinensis, Gmdin— Plate XXXIII, fig. 4. 374
278. Sitta aculeata, Cousin— Plate XXXIII, fig. 3 375
283. Polioptila plumbea, Baird— Plate XXXIII, fig. 1 382
288. Lophophanes wollweberi, Bonap. — Plate LIU, fig. 1 — 386
297. Psaltriparus melauotus, Bonap. — Plate LILT, fig. 3 396
299. Psaltriparus plumbeus, Baird— Plate XXXIII, fig. 2.. 398
300. Paroides flaviceps, Baird— Plate LIU, fig. 2.. 400
301. Certhiola flaveola, Sund — Plate LXXXIII, fig. 3 924
306. Carpodacus californicus, Baird — Plate LXX1I, figs. 2, 3, male aud female... 413
307. Carpodacus cassinii, Baird — Plate XXVII, fig. 1, male 414
315. Chrysomitris mexicana, Bonap. — Plate LIV, fig. 1 - •• 424
324. Leucosticte arctous, Bonap. — Plate LXXIV, fig. 1 - 430
329. Plectrophanes melauomus, Baird — Plate LXXIV, fig. 2 430
333. Passerculus sandwichensis, Baird— Plate XXVIII, tig. 2 — 444
335. Passerculus alaudinus, Bonap. — Plate IV, fig. 1 - --- 440
343. Ammodromus samuelis, Baird — Plate LXXI, fig. 1 455
345. Zonotrichia leucophrys, Sw.— Plate LXIX, fig. 2... - 458
340. Zonotrichia gambelii, Gambel — Plate LXIX, fig. 1 460
351. Junco dorsalis, Henry— Plate XXVIII, fig. 1 167
353. Junco caniceps, Baird— Plate LXXII, fig. 1 468
362. Spizella atrigularis, Baird— Plate LV, fig. 1 - 476
364. Melospiza heermanni, Baird — Plate LXX, fig. 1... - 478
365. Melospiza gouldii, Baird — Plate LXX, fig. 2 - 479
307. Melospiza fallax, Baird— Plate XXVII, fig. 2 481
371. Peucaca cassinii, Baird — Plate IV, fig. 2 485
373. Embernagra rufivirgata, Lawr. — Plate LV, fig. 2 373
370. Passerclla schistacea, Baird— Plata LXIX, fig. 3 490
SYSTEMATIC LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. XV
Page.
383. Cyanospiza parellina, Baird— Plate LVI, fig. 1 502
385. Cyanospiza versicolor, Baird — Plate LVI, fig. 2 503
388. Spermophila moreleti, Pucheran— Plate LIV, figs. 2, 3 506
394. Pipilo megalonyx, Baird— Plate LXXIII.. 515
395. Pipilo abertii, Baird— Plate XXX 517
397. Pipilo mesoleucus, Baird— Plate XXIX 518
411. Icterus parisorum, Bonap.— Plate LVII, fig. 1 544
412. Icterus wagleri, Sclater— Plate LVII, fig. 2 545
419. Quiscalus macroura, Sw. — Plate LVIII - 553
422. Quiscalus baritus, Vieill — Plate XXXII 556
423. Corvus carnivorus, Bartram — Plate XXI 560
424. Corvus cacalotl, Wagl.— Plate XX 563
425. Corvus cryptoleucus, Couch— Plate XXII 565
426. Corvus americanus, Aud. — Plate XXIII 566
427. Corvus floridanus, Baird— Plate LXVII, fig. 1 ' 568
428. Corvus caurinus, Baird— Plate XXIV 569
429. Corvus ossifragus, Wilson — Plate LXVII, fig. 2 571
432. Pica hudsonica, Bonap.— Plate XXV 576
433. Pica nuttalli, Aud.— Plate XXVI 578
438. Cyanocitta woodhousii, Baird — Plate LIX 585
440. Cyanocitta sordida, Baird— Plate LX, fig. 1 587
441. Cyanocitta ultramarina, Slrick. — Plate LX, fig. 2 588
444. Psilorrhinus moris, Gray— Plate LXVIII, figs. 1,2 592
446. Columba flavirostris, Wagl.— Plate LXI 598
472. Ortyx texanus, Lawr. — Plate LXII 472
480. ' Grus fraterculus, Cassin— Plate XXXVII 656
488. Ardea wurdemannii, Baird — Plate LXXXVI . 661
500a. Ibis guarauna, Shaw— Plate LXXXVII
509. Aegialitis nivosus, Cassin— Plate XC, figs. 1, 2 695
516. Strepsilas melanocephala, Vig. — Plate VII 702
527. Tringa cooperi, Baird— Plate LXXXIX, fig. 1 716
542. Heteroscelus brevipes, Baird— Plate LXXXVIII 734
546. Tryngites rufescens, Cab.— Plate VI 739
558. Crex pratensis, Bechst. — Plate LXXXIX, fig. 2 751
574. Dendrocygna autumnalis, Eylon — Plate LXIII, fig. 2 770
575. Dendrocygna fulva, Burm. — Plate LXIII, fig. 1 770
580. Nettion crecca, Kaup.— Plate XCI, fig. 1 771
586. Marcca penelope, Bonap. — Plate XCI, fig. 2 784
610. Erismatura dominica, Eyton — Plate XCII, fig. 1 male, fig. 2 female 811
625. Graculus mexicanus, Bonap. — Plate XCVIII 879
626. Graculus penicillatus, Bonap. — Plate XI 880
643. Tkalassidroma melania, Bonap.— Plate XC1X, fig. 2 830
668. Chroicocepbalus franklinii, Bruch— Plate XCIII, fig. 3 851
669. Chroicocepbalus cucullatus, Bruch — Plate XCIII, fig. 1 851
684. Sterna elegans, Gambel — Plate XCIV 860
593. Sterna pikei, Lawrence— Plate XCV 863
704. Podiceps occidentalis, Lawrence — Plate XXXVIII 894
705. Podiceps clarkii, Lawrence — Plate C 895
707. Podiceps californicus, Ueermann — Plate VIII, young 896
708a. Podiceps dominicus, Lath.— Plate XCIX, fig. 1 897
709. Podilymbus podiceps, Lawrence <