May 1984 USA $2.95 Green's Apple Magazine Bill Budge: Pinball's Ail-Time High Scorer *Appl0* Is a registered trademark of Apple Computer Inc. Plus: Learn French with "Flashcards" 3-D Tick-Tack-Toe A Program for Your One-Year-Old (Really!) "74820"08482' 05 Circle 51 on Reader Service card. * Thanks for the prompt reply. Sure was a lot faster than waiting for the mail!" "Gary: The pedigrees for next week's auction are as follows..*/ "Attn. Prod., Sales, Purch.: Recom- mend 50% blue, 50% red screen for closest match'.' A complete plug-in communications system for Apple* computers. From Hayes, the established telecomputing leader: the simple but sophisticated Micromodem He® plug-in board modem and its companion software, Smartcom I.™ Everything you need to expand the world of your Apple II, lie, II Plus and Apple III. In one, convenient communications package. With Micromodem He and Smartcom I, you can access data bases, bulletin Doards. and the varied resources of infor- mation services. Plan your travel itinerary via computer, including flight numbers, hotel and rental car reservations. Retrieve and analyze daily stock and options prices Work at nome and send reports to your office. You can even do your gift shopping by computer! Micromodem lie. Think of it as your Apple's telephone. It allows your com- puter to communicate with any Bell-103 type modem over ordinary telephone lines, at 110 or 300 bits per second. Micromodem He installs easily in an expansion slot, and requires no outside power source. It connects directly to either a single or multiline modular phone jack, to perform both Touch-Tone® and pulse dialing. Micromodem He dials, answers and dis- connects calls automatically. And, unlike some modems, it operates in full or half duplex, for compatibility with most time- sharingsystems. A built-in speaker lets you monitor your Hayes Smartcom Micromodem lie Smartcom I calls when dialing. That way, you'll know if a line is busy. With Smartcom I, Micromodem He automatically redials your last number. Discover how Micromodem He can help maximize the capabilities of your Apple. While Smartcom I software will minimize your efforts. Smartcom I companion software For effortless communications. Whether you're a newcomer to personal computing or a sea- soned professional, you'll appreciate the ease and speed with which you can perform any communications function. Thanks to Smartcom I! Let Smartcom I guide you through a few easy-to-answer questions to tailor the program to your particular needs. Then you're ready to go! Make a selection from the Smartcom I menu to manage your communications, files or printer. Program prompts guide you along the way. And menu selections let you easily make a call end a call, or answer a call. When you're on the receiving end, your Micromodem He answers automat- ically, even if you're not there! Convenient! And so is the Smart- com I memory for phone numbers. Smartcom I stores three of your most frequently called telephone numbers and one prefix. Plus, it also remem- bers the last number dialed. Smartcom I also provides a direc- tory of the files stored on your disk. And lets you create, list, name, send, receive, print or erase files right from its menu. Smartcom 1 is as versatile as you need it to be. It accepts DOS 3.3. Pascal, CP/M™ 3.0 or CP/M Plus™ operating systems. And accommodates up to six disk drives and several printer interface cards. Like all our products. Smartcom I and Micromodem He are backed by excellent documentation and full support. Including a two-year limited warranty on Micromodem He and a 90-day warranty on Smartcom I! See your dealer today. Then plug into the exciting world of telecomputing. Hayes Microcomputer Products, Inc., 5923 Peachtree Industrial Blvd.. Norcross, Georgia 30092. 404/441-1617. FCC approved in U.S.A. Micromodem lie is a registered trademark of Hayes Microcomputer Products, Inc Smartcom I is a trademark of Hayes Microcomputer Products, Inc. Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer. Inc Touch-Tone is a registered service mark of American Telephone and Telegraph. CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research, Inc. CP/M Plus is a trademark of Advanced Logic Systems. ©198J Hayes Microcomputer Products, Inc. (BHayes Circle 216 on Reader Service card. COMMITTED TO OUR COMMITMENT IS YOUR GUARANTEE OF SOFTWARE THAT CHALLENGES, ENTERTAINS, AND INTRIGUES! The WIZARDRY Phenomenon Continues! Now, better than ever, the Wizardry ad- venture continues with LEGACY OF LLYLGAMYN. Cast spells, work your way through a 3-D maze and enjoy the thrill of Wizardry with our newest soft- ware innovation-WINDO-WIZARDRY'^^^ Its Lisa-like windows help you play fast- er and more efficiently than ever before! All the information you'll ever need is at your fingertips' command. SOFTALK's Review Editor, Roe Adams, calls LOL "...an excellent game! It's a land- mark in graphics advancement." LEGACY OF LLYLGAMYN is a new world of excitement! "The Best Yet!" M argot Comstock Tommervik, Editor, SOFTALK SaFT\/VARE INC. JJ Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc. SIR-TECH SOFTWARE INC., 6 MAIN STREET, OGDENSBURG, NY 13669, (315) 393-6633 ALL SOFTWARE AVAILABLE FOR THE APPLE AT YOUR FAVORITE RETAILER. Oder Flashcards, p. 38 Bill Budge: Pinball's Ail-Time High Scorer, p. 30 ARTICLES Bm Budge: PinbalFs Ail-Time High Scorer ,^0 Our intrepid reporter tracks down Apple computing's matinee idol. Sorry, no autographed centerfold in- cluded. by Sam Whitmore Electronic Arts 35 Bill Budge is only part of this innova- tive company. We talk to the genius who organizes geniuses. by Sam Whitmore Flashcards 33 Can your Apple help you learn for- eign languages quickly and easily? Mais ouil by Peter A. and Jerry P. Lachenbruch Hunting the Elusive ASCII _42 Forget about word processing — how does the computer keep track of all the letters and other individual characters you keep typing in? by Arsen Damay Titles SUdes Without Peer ^50 You needn't worry about boring your guests with home slide shows if you in- clude some pictures you took with your Apple. by Dr, Kenneth A. Deitcher Stack Attack 54 You Ve seen science fiction characters play three-dimensional chess on TV. Now you can play three-dimensional tick-tack-toe on your computer. by Subu Magge The World's Cheapest Word Processor g4 If you ever thought, "Hey, someone should invent a cheap Pascal word processor," well, someone just did! And it's yours, free. by James R. Florini inCiders inSidious inSolubles The Savings Accrual by Arthur H. Ude .82 The Compleat Text File Primer, Part 3 Our series continues with an exami- nation of data's journey between the disk and the memory. by Lee Swoboda Hunting the Elusive ACSII, p. 42 4 feider May 1984 May 1984 Vol. 2, No. 5 DEPARTMENTS Hot Cider 6 by Wayne Green Fermentations 8 Letters 10 IIFs Company 12 The New Apple III— How Much of a Plus? Fudge It! 16 Hundreds of Scenes Per Diskl Interaction— A Child's World 28 Baby's First Computer Program The Applesoft Adviser 97 The Sort Index Bent on Business 106 Talking to Yourself The Apple Clinic 108 Third- World Computing; Sticky Keys; The Vacuum Secret Hints 'n* Techniques 1 12 Out, Damned Cursorl; Paddle Reading Calendar 116 Book Reviews 1 18 Write Your Own Apple Games; Pascal Programs for Games and Graphics; The Naked Computer Hardware Reviews 120 Amdisk-I Micro-floppy Disk Drive; KoalaPad; Inforunner Riteman Printer; Apple Color Plotter Software Reviews 126 Cut & Paste; I.Q. Baseball; Cubit; OPVAL; Portfolio; Circascript Cider Vinegar 140 New Publications 142 New Software 144 New Products 152 Fudge Itl, p. 16 inCider is a member of the CW Communications/Inc. group, the world's largest publisher of computer-related in- formation. The group publishes 45 computer publications in 18 major countries. Nine million people read one or more of the group's publications each month. Members of the publi- cation group include: Australia: Australasian Computer- world, Micro Computer Magazine; Argentina: Computer- world/Argentina; Brazil: DataNews, MicroMundo; Den- mark: Computerworld/Danmark, MikroData; France: Le Monde Informatique; Germany: ComputerWoche, Micro- ComputerWelt, PC Welt; Italy: Computerworld Italia; Japan: Computerworld Japan, PC Japan; Mexico: Comput- erworld/Mexico; Norway: Computerworld Norge, Mikro- Data; People's Republic of China: China Computerworld; Saudi Arabia: Saudi Computerworld; Spain: Computer- world/Espana, MicroSistemas; Sweden: ComputerSweden, MikroDatorn, Min Hemdator; United Kingdom: Computer Management, Computer Business Europe; United Stat»: Computerworld, inCider, InfoWorld, Macworld, MicrO' Market World, Microcomputing, PC World, 80 Micro, jr, RUN, HOTCoCo. Cover photo by Rick Browne. inCider (ISSN #0740-0101) is published monthly by Wayne Green Publications Group, 80 Pine St., Peterborough, NH 03458. Phone: 603-924-9471. Second class postage pending at Peterborough, NH, and additional mailing oftio^. Sub- scription rates in U.S. are $25 for one year and $53 for three years. In Canada and Mexico, $27.97 — one year only, U.S. funds drawn on a U.S. bank. Nationally distributed by In- ternational Circulation Distributors. Foreign subscriptions (surface mail), $44.97— one year only, U.S. funds drawn on a U.S. bank. Foreign subscriptions (air mail), please in- quire. In South Africa contact inCider, PC Box 782815, Sandton, South Africa 2146. All U.S. and Canadian sub- scription correspondence should be addressed to inCider, Subscription Department, PO Box 911, Farmingdale, NY 11737. Please include your address label with any corre- spondence. Postmaster: Send addres changes to inCider, Subscription Services, PO Box 911, Farmingdale, NY 11737. Entire contents copyright 1984 by Wayne Green Publica- tions Group. inCider editorial offices Pine Street Peterborough, NH 03458 603-924-9471 SENIOR EDITOR Paul C. Quinn MANAGING EDITOR Peg Lepage TECHNICAL EDITOR Robert M. Ryan EDUCATION EDITOR Joan Witham COPY EDITOR Melody Bedell ASSISTANT EDITOR Cynthia K. Carr EDITORIAL DESIGN MANAGER Susan Gross EDITORIAL DESIGNER Judy Oliver LAYOUT EDITORS Joan Ahern, Phil Geraci, Maurelle Codoy, Sue Hays, Phyllis Pittet, Glenn Suokko PROOFREADERS Peter Bjornsen, Harold Bjornsen, Robin Florence EDITORIAL DIRECTOR WAYNE GREEN PUBLICATIONS GROUP Jeff DeTray PRODUCTION Nancy Salmon, Director; Lahri Bond, Cindy Boucher, Sandra Dukette, Marlene Mowbray, Lynn Simonson, Ken Sutcliffe, Leslie Walden Ad Coordinators: Paula Ramsey, Patricia Bradley, Jean Southworth Advertising Production: Bruce Hedin FILM PRODUCTION Donna Hartwell, Laurie Jermison, Theresa Verville, Robert VUleneuve PHOTOGRAPHY Nathaniel Haynes, Supervisor; Laurie Gardos, Carol Lake, Jean Quickmire, Sturdy Thomas TYPESETTING Sara Bedell, Supervisor; Darlene Bailey, Prem Gongaju, Lynn Haines, Cynthia Letourneau, Kimberly Nadeau, Lindy Palmisano, Heidi N. Thomas COPYWRITING Steve Tripp, Chief; Dale Tietjen DESIGN Christine Destrempes, Creative Director; Joyce Pillarella, D^ign Manager; Holly Fuette, inCider Magazine Design Consultant; Sue Donohoe, January Folsom, Patrice Scribner, Sara Weminger, Administrative Assistants Submissions: We're always looking for first- class manuscripts at inCider. We'll consider publication of any material for the Apple. Guidelines for budding authors are avail- able — just address an envelope to yourself and include it with your request. Mail manuscripts or requests for writers' guides to: inCider edito- rial offices, 80 Pine St., Peterborough, NH 03458. May 1984 feider 5 Hot Cider Remarks from the Publisher . • . Wayne Green ftSUSHER^ESlDENT Wayne Green VICE PRESIDENT/GENERAL MANAGER Debra Wetherbee VIC^ PRESIDENT/FINANCE Roger Murphy ASSISTANT TO PRESIDENT/VP MattSiniA A^STANT TO VP/FINANCE Dominique Smith DIRECTOR OF MARKETING AND SALES David Schissler CIRCULATION DIRECTOR WilUam P. Howard 603-924-9471 RETAIL & NEMIOTAND SALES MANAGER Ginnie Boudrieau 800-343-0728 MARKETING & RE^IARCH MANAGER . Wendie Haines ADVERTISING Stsphoi TwomWy, Director; • RenBy Weiss, Manager; Paul Boule; Michde Cilmore, Ad Coordinator. PUBLIC RELATIONS JimLeoitard inCider magazine is pubSidifid montiily by Wayne Green Publicitioiis Groiq). Entire contiente copyn^t 1984 Wayne Green Publi- cadons Group. No part of this publication may be reprinted, or reproduced by any means, without prior written permission from the publisher. All programs are pub- lished for persoikl use only. All ri^ts re- served. Problems wiUi:.Ad0eriisersi Send a des^p- tion of the ptoHdii and your current addiM to inCider, Route 101 and Ehn Street, Peter- borough, NH 03458, attn. Rita Rivard, Cus- tomer Scarvice Manager. If urgent, call 1-800- 441-4403. Problems wiii SubscripHons: a d^crip- tion of the problem and your curosot and/or most recent address to: inCider, SubscHptkm Department, PO Box 911, Farmkigddle, NY 11737. Change of Address: S&id an old label or a copy of your old address and hew address to: inCider, PO Box 911, Faimingdale, NY 11737. Please g|ve et^t weeks' advance notice. Microfilm: This publication is available in microform from University Microfilms In- ternational. United States address: 300 North Zeeb Road, Dept. P.R., Ann Arbor, MI 48106. Foreign address: 18 Bedford Row, Dept. P.R., London, WC1R4EJ, England. Dealers: Contact Ginnie Boudrieau, Bulk Sales Manager, inCider, Pine Street, Peter- borough, NH 03458. Call 1-800-343-0728 . Back Issues: Send $3.50, plus $1.00 postage, for each copy to inCider, Back Issues Dept., Route 101 and Elm Street, Peterborough, NH 03458. For ten or more copies postage is a blanket $7.50. To order by telephone using VISA, MasterCard or American Express call 1-800-258-5473 from outside New Hamp- shire, or 924-0471* eaft. 136, within New Hampshire. ' Chain selling— no, noflrfng to do with bondage or K-Mart. What I have in mind would take ad- vantage of the main Apple strength — one which no other computer system has, but whic^ has not hem leally developed by Apple. Fm thinking along the line of the chain letter. When I was a youngster, some billiant chap somewhere in the U.S. started chain letters. I watched with awe as my father and grandfather received hundreds of envelopes, each with a dollar bill in it. And please remember that a dollar bill in the ^ly '30's would buy about what we get with a $20 bill today. What Apple has is a body of over one million Apple Wile owners who are not just the owners of a certain brand of computer — no, ifs an emo- tional thing— in some ways more like a religjon. This is why there are so many avid Apple user groups. This is one of the big reasons why Apple sales have done so well. inCider was started just over ai year ago and in that short period there are over a half million Apple owners reading it every month. Just think what could happen to Apple sales if every inCider reader decided to make it his or her responsibility to convince one more person to buy an Apple! That could increase Apple ownership by about ^ ^^iiroent in short order. Accepting that perhaps only a third of the inCider readers wdU see this editorial, we still have a powerful group for chaining. K every Apple owner reading this were to make a goal, every two months, erf csiMwiriod^ ing one friend or a business to buy one Apple computer, that alone would sell about 1.2 milUdn :Ag|A^ in the next year. If each of these new owners were to be infused also with the Apple spirit and set about doing the same. in am year we wotild have 13 mil- lion more Apples out there, a lot of frazzled Apple executives trying to keep up with the orders and thou- sands of blissful stockholders. . .for that would mil to about two billion in sales just for Apple lis. Now how difficult would it be for you to round up a new customer for an Apple every couple of months? Our research shows that 85 jieixsent of you have substantial influence with your business on computer pur- chases. Well, use your influence! Further, the research is quite dear that virtuaUy no one buys a com- puter today without asking friends who already have them for advice on their choice. Yep, you have a lot of friends and business compatriots who are right now trying to decide between Apple and IBM. If you keep quiet both of us will lose, so keep asking around and get to these peo- ple before they invest a lot of time and money in something else. Point out how great your s^^m is — all tfie things you are doing with it and how youU be able to help them get started. Later you can encourage your friends to, in turn, get their friends to go the Apple II route. If each of the six people you sell on Apple does the same every two months, you'll have a chain result^ ini 63 new Apj^es be- ing sold. Of course, I am basing the whole idea on your being enthused, but not terribly energetic. If you could get that into a one-month ramp instead of two, we'd end up with 4,095 more Apple 11 owners in one year. So, if only one third of the Apple II users joined the chain, we would see some two billion Apple lis sold in the next year — bringing the sales for Apple to about $3 trillion. Hey, maybe Fd bet- ter buy a few more shares of Apple stock, eh?H 6 &ider May 1984 Circle 268 on Reader Service card. Time for your computer to make the telephone con- nection - with an intelligent, full 21 2A 300/1200 baud modem - with a real time clock/calendar - and with the capability to expand into a com- plete telecommunications system. It's time for PRO-MODEM 1200. Much more than just a phone modem. When you're on-line, time is money. PRO-MODEM telecommunication systems help you save. By monitoring the duration and cost of your phone calls. And by sending and receiving messages, unattended, at preset times when the rates are lower. . .with or without your computer. Compare the $495 PRO-MODEM 1 200 with any other modem on the market. For example, you'd have to buy both the Hayes Smartmodem 1200 plus their Chronograph for about $950 to get a modem with time base. PRO-MODEM 1200 is easy to use. A convenient '^Help ' command displays the Menu of operating command choices for quick reference whenever there's a question about what to do next. Extensive internal and remote self-diagnostics assure that the system is operating properly. Some of the other standard features include Auto Answer, Touch Tone and Pulse Dialing, and Programmable Intelli- gent Dialing. PRO-MODEM does more. It lets you build a full tele- communications system with features like Auto Dialer, Incoming and Outgoing Message Buffering, Business/Personal Phone Directory, Program- mable Operating Instructions, a 12-Character Alpha-Numeric Time and Message Display, and versatile PRO-COM Software. PRO-MODEM com- mands are Hayes compatible so you can use most existing telecommunications software without modification. There's much more to the PRO-MODEM story. See your local dealer for complete details. He'll show you how to save time. And money. Prometheus Products, Inc., 45277 Fremont Blvd., Fremont CA 94538, (415) 490-2370 Fermentations by Swain Pratt Your Child and Your Apple Think Again! To judge by coundess media re- ports, the microcomputer is fast becoming the latest educational bandwagon. Many teachers and par- ents are eagerly jumping aboard (to the joy of industry marketing people), and where they jump, child- ren must perforce follow. This was, perhaps, inevitable. Concerned and responsible educators naturally must consider seriously a new machine with such apparent potential as an educational tool. Many parents, anxiously concerned about tJieir offspring's future, faU in line. After all, the arguments are per- suasive. The computer will help children learn facts (and won't diso3urage by criticdsm); it will help them think log- ically (adventure games?); it will give them confidence (success will come as they learn which keys to press); it will give them — the bottom line — the knowledge and skills to compete in tomorrow's computer- oriented business world. Proponents proclaim that elemen- tary schools — as well as high schools — should have computer pro- grams for all. It's never too late to start, is it? And, so saying, why not for preschoolers? And even for ba- bies? Early familiarity is bound to make children computer-friendly. So, ever-increasing in strength flows a flood of feeling that the computer is a wonderful tool to help kids learn while having fun, and the soon- er the better. I beg to differ, like the litfle boy in the fairy tale who cried, "But he hasn't anything onl" when the naked emperor paraded by in his fine, but imaginary, new clothes. I don't at all question the sincerity of most of those who are convinced thyaj: Qomputers. are good fOT I am just as strongly convinced, how- ever, that computer use in any signi- ficant and continuing degree tends to be damaging to young children. By young I mean up at least until puber- ty, and I think tlEie harm done is prob- ably in inverse proportion to age. I fully realize I'm uttering what amoimts to heresy in a computer magazine, so I must have reasons. I do. I feel strongly that our technolog- ical environment and the kind of thinking that has created it are rob- bing our children of their childhood. Everything encourages them to grow up too fast, their education, for ex- ample, forcing them prematurely in- to an exercise of logical thought that may develop a sort of precocious cleverness, but ultimately results, I'm convinced, in modes of thought that are narrow, sterile, inflexible — the quality of thinking that is guiding world events today. (Are you im- pressed with the results?) A child, like a new plant shoot, is a tender and sensitive being, op0n and vulnerable to the influences of every- thing in his environment. The pre- school child is especially so. The im- pressions of the world he experiences work deeply into him, affecting his behavior and even his organic devel- opment. Along^ with everything else, ma- chines make their impressions, im- print their natures into the child in a very subtle way, and the computer is one of the machines I would most prefer that my child experience as ht- tle as possible. It is a fine tool for adults to use for many appropriate purposes (and certainly hi^ school students should have computer courses), but in its very nature the computer embodies the principle of the conditioned response. Here we have to be extremely wary. Much in the world today, some of it even consciously directed, works to condition a human being to behave automatically in response to certain stimuli. These forces work to rob him of his independence, his power of individual judgment, even- tually of his freedom. The computer is one more ma- chine that, unless it's used with consciousness and care, contributes further to a kind of automatic, pro- grammed thinking. An adult at least has a conscious ego that, aware, can resist this influence, but the young child has no such defense. You may not buy my argument at aU, but suppose I'm right? TV was once the wonder machine. It was go- ing to revolutionize education, some said, and it certainly became the na- tion's baby-sitter. Years of experience have now revealed the harm it does to children. We don't as yet have years of experience with the comput- er, but suppose it is equally, or per- haps more, inimical to the child's healthy development? fcri'f tf ' at least your responsibility not to blindly welcome this machine into your child's life, but to give the matter some very careful thought? Even if the bandwagon is great fun, should you be on it? You can always step off, and if most people think you're crazy, well, that isn't the end of the world. ■ C^r ^pod jnend and coilieflgue on Run mflgo- Mf^' Pratt, penned tkb gfiest ediioridl. An educator for nearly three decades. Swain is an expert on child devdopment He is the first to acknowledge that his stror^ views on computers and kids are not universally embraced. In fact, for a cogent counterpoint to Swain's opinion, turn to page 28 and "Baby's First Computer Program, by Brian Murphy. Let us know how youstandonlhis volatile topic. — eds. S ^ider May 1984 System Saver'didn*! become the Apple's mmiber one selling* peilplieial by being just s fen. What made over 100,000 Apple® owners fall in love with System Saver? The answer is simple. It's the most versatile, most oonvenient, most useful peripheral ever made for the Apple. System Saver filters out damaging AC line noise and power surges. 70-90% of all microcomputer malfunctions can be traced to power line problems^ * Problems your System Saver guards against. Power line noise can often be interpreted as data. This confuses your computer and produces system errors. Power surges and spikes can cause severe damage to your Apple's delicate circuitry and lead to costly servicing. System Saver clips surges and spikes at a 130 Volts RMS/175 Volts dc level. A PI type filter attenuates common and transverse mode noise by a minimum of 30 dB from 600 kHz to 20 mHz with a max- imum attenuation of 50 dB. y©u end up with an Apple that's more accurate, more efficient and more reliable. SYSTEM SAVER AFFLE U System Saver lets your Apple keep its cool. Today's advanced peripheral cards generate heat. In addition, the cards block any natural air flow through the Apple lie creating high temperature conditions that shorten the life of the Apple and peripheral cards. System Saver's efficient, quiet fan draws fresh air across the mother board, over the power supply and out the side ventilation slots. It leaves your Apple cool, calm and running at top speed. System Saver makes your Apple more convenient to use. No more reaching around to the back of your Apple to turn it on. No more fumbling for outlets and cords to plug in your monitor and printer. System Saver organizes all your power needs. So if you want to keep damaging heat, line noise and power surges out of your system for good, pick up the only peripheral that's in use every second your computer is in use. The System Saver. You'll soon come to think of it as the piece Apple forgot. Compatible with Apple stand $89.95 at Apple dealers everywhere. It functions as a multi-outlet power strip with two switched outlets. Plus System Saver offers the ultimate convenience; a front mounted power switch for fingertip control of your entire system. kensington Jmkroware Circle 86 on Reader Service card. 251 Park Avenue South, New York, NY 10010 (212)475-5200 Telex: 467383 KML NY *Softsel Computer Products Hot List. * *PC Magazine: March 1983. System Saver is UL Listed. System Saver's surge suppression circuitry conforms System Saver is a registered trademark of Kensington Microware Ltd. to IEEE specification 507 1980, Category A. Available in 220/240 Volts, 50/60 Hz. © 1983 Kensington Microware Ltd. System Saver is patent pending, Letters Blame the FAA I was shocked to read your edi- torial in the January inCider. As I read it, I b^an to get angry at the * injustice were ^Ing to Eastern Airlines. Getting mad at an airline for obejdng a Federal Aviation reg- ulation (HCFR Part 91.19) is much like arguing with a state trooper about the speed limit. Paragraph 65 of 91.19 does indeed put the burden of proof on the individual airline. If the FAA has, in fact, run careful tests and determined that no problem ^- ists, why haven't they mcmifled or de^ leted 91.19? It's a litde ridiculous to expect every airline, from United to the smallest commuter, to purchase and test the ever-increasing elec- tronic equipment available to the public. Virtually no changes to the regula- tions can be done without coordinat- ing with the Carriers' Principal Maintenance Inspector in Miami. He, in turn, would contact his superi- ors in Washington to see if tests had been certified. Then he would work with Eastern's engineering depart- ment to plan a schedule. Members of this department would then have to fly numerous trips with this equip- ment on each type of aircraft Eastern flies and submit test results which would be approved. After that, the FAA would have to approve the wording change to the Carriers' Op- ^ erating Specifications and the crews would be notified. If you've had any dealings with the government, you must realize these tests have been go- ing on since the first time a flight at- tendant asked someone to turn a computer off— probably over a year. Your real foe never was Eastern Airlines. Only the FAA has been holding all of us back. I've worked as an FAA inspector and as an airline pi- lot; I know of few times when the air- line could ailbrd be as slow and as cumbersome as the federal rule-mak- ing process. In any case, Eastern has done its homework. We have always been a business airline. Our Executive Trav- eler and Frequent Flyer programs cater to people like you and w^ wish to continue to do everything in our power to make Eastern a successftd enterprise. Jim Furlong 765 Wickerberry Knoll Roswell, GA 30075 Sexy Controversy In the March 1984 issue, John R. Pleacher took lunbrage at an adver- tisement in the December 1983 issue for alleged sexual implications. Please note that many of us manage to thoroughly enjoy sex and comput- ing without guilt. The advertisement in question eontdned absolutely nothing offensive. These managers of others' morals should have their own floppies examined. James Haskin 4812 Rosewood Ave. Los Angeles, CA 90004 I agree with John R. Pleacher's let- ter (March 1984) expressing feelings against ads with sexual connotations. Using women as sex objects to sell merchandise has no justification. Ad writers for magazines can sell their products in ways other than that shown on page 19, March 1984 — the very issue in which Pleacher's protest appeared. Wayne, start listening! John Giese 808 E. Huron Milford, MI 48042 I agree with Mr. Pleacher's desire that computing magazines be fi:ee of ads involving the erotic. If the ads were in bar code, no one would have to look at their contents unless tiiey wanted to. Raymond J. Schuerger Box 460D SteubenviUe Pike Pittsburgh, PA 15205 Earle in Africa Thank you for *The Apple Clinic." It is eKoeUent. Now the first thing I turn to when I receive inCider is *The Apple Clinic" (and not because Lesdngton is my home town). P. R. Christraisen Kenya Institute of Education Nairobi, i^ya Mail Order Complaints inCider has received numerous letters regarding Starfire Games, a division of Onmi Soft Corp., 9960 Owens Mouth Ave., Suite 32, Chats- worth, CA 91311. These complaints center on Omni Soft's apparent disin- clination to ship ordered products or refund checks. We have attempted to contact Omni Soft on behalf of our readers, but to date our efforts have been unsuccessful. We're still trying. If you're having problems with one of inCider's advertisers, by all means, write to us ri^ away. Address your complaint to Rita Rivard, inCider, Route 101 and Ehn St., Peterborough, NH 03458. We'll do our level best to straighten the matter out. — the editors WizFix It's probably my fault, but I no- ticed two errors in the listing you published in your February issue in my letter about Wizfix. Line 571 — [ missing after PEEK in the first line Line 589— [ misang after PEEK Sorry! Alam Popow #1107-9810-105 St. Edmonton, Alberta T5K 1A6 inspirations rd like to cast my vote for getting software through your magazine. Bar code readers are an intriguing idea. What if inCider starts a dial-up computer and allows current pro- grams to be down-loaded? I would be willing to pay for this, or you could m^ it available to your sub- scribers. , _ Robert T. Russell 69 Dogwood Cres. Scarborough, Ontario MIP 3N5 Circle 186 on Reader Service card. Prentice-Hall speaks a languai^ other publishers have forgotten. tnglish. apptebaeto APPLE BASIC by Richard Haskell. A step-by-step, illustrated intro that shows how to wrtte programs for financial management, graphics, games, math prob- lems, and more. $12.95 i APPLESTATi Regression/Correlation Programs for the Apple ll/lle by Peter Rob. Easy-to-use, yet sophisticated statistical management system in book/disk package. Includes convenient HELP fea- ture, $49.95 Ik APPLE II PROGRAMMER'S HANDBOOK by Richard Vile. Jr, Teaches four most common Apple programming languages: Integer BASIC. Applesoft BASIC, Apple (UCSD). Pascal, and 6502 Assembly Language. Plenty of applications For intermediate programmers. S16.95 INTERFACE PROJECTS FOR THE APPLE II by Richard C. Hallgren. Hardware-oriented projects that are easy to build, and enable users to discover Apple lis vast capabilities. $12.95 APPLE 11-6502 ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE TUTOR by Richard Haskell. A specially designed book/disk tutorial that makes it easy to learn assembly language programming and interiacing techniques, $34.95 LEARNING LISP by Gnosis. An intro to the much talked-about language of artificial intelligence. Packed with examples and exercises. Disk available, $14.95 PRENTICE-HALL/THE LEADER IN COMPUTER PUBLISHING For more information about our computer books and software, write to us at the address below. Dealer inquiries welcome. rVentice-Hall, General Publishing Division, Englewood Cliffs, N.J. 07632 *We guarantee that ail our guides are easy to read and simple to apply without the aid of a reference library, a computer salesperson, or a niece who just graduated from M.l.T s Company by BiU O'Brien The New Apple III- How Much of a Plus? Believe it or not, something new besides the Macintosh and the Lisa 2 walked out of Apple recent- ly. It was the rdatively unheralded Apple III Plus. The differences be- tween it and the original Apple III are not enou^ to make you go out and make a trade, but for anyone who hasn't yet bought a III and is consid- ering it, a discussion of the differ- ences should be worthwhile. Facelift The first hint that the Plus is differ- ent is the keyboard, a lighter grey than the original. And the keyboard is not only painted differendy— the keys have also been arranged in a slightly different order. A de- lete k^ has been added to the up- per right comer of the main key- board, replacing the vertical rule/ backslash key, which has been moved to the next row. The tilde/reverse hy- phen that the vertical rule/backslash displaced has been moved to the low- er left comer of the keyboard, just to the right of the caps lock key. The right-hand shift key has been elon- gated about one-half inch, which, of course, means that there's no longer room for the up arrow. The up-arrow has been reassigned as the bottom-most key on the right side of the keyboard, aligning all of the arrow keys in one row. Tliis puts an extra k^ in that row with no room to accommodate it. So the space bar has been shortened. Not by much, but if you usually depress the bar with yoiu: right thumb, you might find yourself hitting the dosed apple key instead. Where did that come from? The apple keys have been relo- cated to either side of the space bar, open to the left, dosed to the right. The numeric k^pad, unfortu- natdy, remains unchanged. The ad- dition of + , - , * and / keys would have made it a real calculator style pad. What they have done is make the Apple III keyboard more com- patible with the Apple He. The rear of the machine has also undergone some renovation. Gone is the famihar blue connector for the eternal di^ drives. In its place is a full-fledged RS-232-type connector. For those wanting to cross over with existing Apple III drives, an adapter is available. From the look of things, future drives vdll be coming with ex- ternal RS-232 (or more properly, DB- 25, since it's the physical type and not the signal levels we're concerned with) connectors. To accommodate the sUghtly wid- er RS-232 connector and a dightly broader power switch, the mini-jack for the audio output has been moved to just above the RCA female plug for black and white video. This is a seri- ous mistake. Depending on the band width of the plugs you're inserting there, they can now interfere with each other — bend against each other, in fact. Under the drcumstanoes, I would give them a six-month life span of plugging and unplug^ng. To ex- tend their life, you might want to leave them alone once they're plugged in. Time and Tithe There are no obvious internal im- provements in the III Plus apparent from the out^cfe, but removing the cover reveals an unmistakable bat- tery holdgr. It accommodates the back-up batteries for the clock. Yes, this reincarnation of the Apple III has a functional real-time clock. Al- though I haven't delved deeply into the matter, the type and positioning of the holder indicate that it could al- so be available as a kit. On the right side of the machine, just bdow the metal casting, is an on/ off switch. At first I thou^t it might be a toggle for the speaker. I made sure it was on, because I love that lit- tle noisemaker — but there was a small surprise. I was running Business Graphics III and put a bar graph on the screen. I'm using an Amdek 300A amber monitor and the images are really sharp, though a litde compact from top to bottom. When the bar diart began to fill, I had to look twice at the screen. There were no litde rows of space in the fill area. It was solid, and so were the characters. This was no time to be disturbed hy the speak- er as I searched through the manuals, so I toggled the switch off. There were the rows of blank space! I was definitdy onto something, and the Address your correspondence to BUI O'Brien at kts new address, PO Box lOlOA, Fort Lee, NJ 07m, 12 6ider May 1984 manual confirmed it. To wit, the side switch on the Ap- ple III Plus is a video control. Nor- mally the matrix that contains the screen image is 560-by-192. There is another image of the screen in com- puter memory, displaced by one-half line. With the switch on, both images are displayed by a technique known as interlacing. Together they fill the normal 5-by-8 character making it 5- by-16. This apparendy works in black and white graphics mode also, but the manual includes a warning that under some graphics conditions the additional memory used by the sec- ondary screen image may be needed to generate the graphics. Using the interlace switch at those times may produce garbled screens. Also, keep in mind that the interlace feature works best on monitors that have some screen persistence. This is not true of most black and white monitors. Little Things On my original Apple III, there was some sensitivity to weight placed over the internal disk drive. If the 300A monitor sat squarely in the mid- dle of the machine, the drive wouldn't boot. Apparently, mine wasn't an iso- lated case. With the Apple III Plus, this little inconvenience seems to have been removed. The keyboard also appears to have a bit more tension to it. This differ- ence may not be apparent to those of you with later Apple Ills, for an in- terim machine I once tried also was better than my original III (serial number in the low 20000s). Your oft-used friend, SOS utilities, has been changed a litde, too — in particular, the SCP. Now when you modify a driver file, you cannot change the device type and device subtype fields. That may not s^m disastrous — after all, how many times have you changed the device type? That, of course, would depend on how many programs you've used that automatically check the device type to determine which drivers you have on line are controlling printers. Any such program, like III Easy Pieces, would recognize Apples UPIC driver but not Interactive Structures' PKASO driver, because their device types are different. My suggestion would be to get an Apple III copy of SOS Utilities, just in case. C9Q i Photos courtesy of Apple Computer Inc. Clockwise from upper left: the Apple III Plus with ProFUe hard disk drive; inside the III Plus— note the batteries for the real-time dock; the key- hoard upgraded for compatibility with the He. May 1984 feider 13 Microline Family The Okidata Microline family offers Apple IJ users a wide range of features for almost any application. Ail Mtctoline printers are made with the same rugged materials and care. No matter which printer you select, you've chosen one of the best printers made. The Microline 92 (1 60 ops) is ideal for word processing. It features 1 0, 1 2 & 1 7 cpi, a correspondence font, double- width, emphasis/boldface, sub/super scripts^ underlining, pin/ friction feed {tractor is optional on the 92) & dot-addressable graphics (1 20 x 1 44 dpi). The 93 is the 1 36 column version. Parallel interfaces are standard; the RS-232C interface is optional. The Wicroline 84 (132 col) is the Step 2 version, featuring 200 cps at 10, 12, & 17 cpi(w/ double-width), all wi ha correspondence mode & dot addressable graphics. Parallel or RS-232C interfaces available. The Microline 82 A (120 cps) is a data cruncher. Features 10 & 16 cpi (5/8 double-width). Dot- addressable graphics are optional. The 83 A is the 1 36 column version. Microline Series $CALL Dot Matrix 9500B S1 1 19.88 9501 B , $1 1 19.88 9620B $1209.88 96258 $1 309.88 WP-6000 $2353.88 WP-6000 Tractor $1 39.88 arifoR' Prowriter 1 S^2 Pnwntar BP C. Itoh's Prowriter (120 cps) features 10, 1 2, & 1 6 cpi. a proportional/ correspondence quality font, double strike, double-width, sub/superscripts, dot graphics (160 x 144 dpi) & friction/ tractor feed. The Prowriter SP (HotDot) has faster print speed {180 cps), true sub/ superscripts and italics. A new printer with nice features. Prowriter $379.88 Prowrit(3r 2 $609.88 ProwritferSP S5 19.88 W/RS-5I32C S 5 39. 88 MM. ,,, ,, $439.88 Prism 132 $1489.88 w/4-color $1699.88 mmoTecH The DMX-80 (80 cps) features 1 0, 1 2 & 16 cpi, italics, double-width, half- width, enhanced/bold print, dot graphics (1 20 x 1 44 dpi), friction/ tractor feed. Ouiet printing & a sharp design make it ideal for home or office. The DMX-80 is serviced by Panasonic DMX-80 $339.88 MT-160 L $629.88 MT-180 L $879.88 MT-Spirit $329.88 14 &ider May 19S4 Gemini 10X $299.88 Gemini 15X ,,$429.88 Delta 10 ■. . , $499.38 Delta 15 $589.88 Radix 10 $629.88 Radix 15 $739.88 Letter Quality A10 Starwriter F10 Starwriter F10 Printmaster The F1 © Starwriter (40 cps) features 10 & 12 cpi, sub/super scripts, underlining, 6 & S Ipi. @^ume code & ©iablo supplies. The Printma«t»r has the same specs, but it prints faster (55 cps). The A1 Starwriter has the same specs, but at 20 cps- Both the Tractor Fead & the Sheet Feeder fit all three models. A-10 Starwriter S599.88 F-10 Starwriter S1 119.88 F-1 Printmaster $1 469.88 Tractor Feed $219.88 Single Bin Sheet Feeder (A10/F10) S 599 88 CR-2 $509.88 CR-2 Tractor ...$89.88 CR-2 Sheet Feed $1 89.88 CR-2 Keyboard $1 49.88 2010/2030 $899.88 3530 $1699.88 2000/3500 Tractor $239.88 2000/3500 Sheet Feed $479.88 QUME Sprint 1 1/40 Sprint 1 1/55 Tractor Feed Sheet Feed LetterPro (20cps). . $1 559.88 , SI 769.88 S219.88 , . S599.88 ..S709.88 EXP-SSO/SOO The EXP-550 (1 7 cps. 132 columns) features 10, 12. 15 cpi & proportional, sub/superscript, underlining & true Diablo 1600 code. Friction feed, with page injector an optional tractor is also available. The EXP-500 fl2 cps, 1 00 columns) h is the same specs as the EXP-550. but without page inject or proportional spacing. cXP-550 (Parallel) $609.88 EXP-550 Tractor SI 29.88 EXP-500 (Parallel) S449.88 EXP-500 Tractor S1 1 9.88 $M)TH-S:OROt4A , Messenger The Memory Correct ni Mes- senger combines an electric typewriter and a letter-quality printer. It features 1 2 cps, 3 pitches ( 1 0. 1 2 & 1 5). variable line spacing, 10.5" writing line, backspacing & auto-correction. Comes complete with parallel/RS- 23 2C interface. Messenger $589.88 PowerType The PowerType ( 1 7 cps, 1 1 columns) has 1 0, 1 2. 1 5 cpi & proportional type, sub/superscripting. backspace/underlining & L'iablo 620/ 630 code compatibility. PowerType $359.88 Accessories Printer Stands Heavy-guage steel with a baked enamel tmish (beige). & a paper slot in the center for bottom feeding. Fits 80 or 1 32 column printers (specify). 80 Column Stand S39.88 132 Column Stand $49.88 Microfazer Prmter buffers from 8K to 512K, in parallel m/parallel out configurationa Microfazers $CALL Pliaso U Full text & graphic scre-m dumijs (low & hi-res). 90 degree rotation, 16 gray shades. & more; that's Pkaso. Their new card, the Pkaso U is a culmination: they let you install the EEPROM from a disk with their accumulated (& extensi 'e) knowledge of printer features. Special install menus let you customize the install. An excellent improvement. Pkaso-U $139.88 Grappler+ $139.88 Buffered Grapple r 4- ...$189.88 Paratlml Printmf Card, includes cable $79.88 THE MAimAN COMETH Those of you (ising Apple His in business might want to consider an in-house mail system. They're quite common in Iwcge firms where execu- tives are oftm ddier mt of the office or too busy to cofflect or Imve mes- sages during business hours. Look through your copy of Can Someone Please Tell Me What the Apple III Can Do?. There, on page 58, youTl fifri Infit>-net from Sun Da- ta in Logan, Utah. To use it, you'll need a 256K system, a Hayes Smart- Modem, and a large secondary stor- age device — anything from a Micro- Sd A143 .S-megabyfce fii>p|yjr ^lislt, through a 5-megabyte Profile, up to an Xcomp 20-megabyte unit, depend- ing on the size of your organization and the number of messages involved. Info-net is not simply a message center, either. It's a complete bulletin board system with password protec- tion and levels of access, and the ca- pability to file mail for future refer- ence rather than hold onto it and clutter your mailbox. Now all those portables and lap computers make sense — for using your Apple III and Info-net to tie everyone together into a cohesive information network. Sun Data's companion program, EASYTERM HI, oflfers the same fea- tures as Access III, with an off-line mode as well. Unfortunately, it falls just short of great since there are no editing features in the off-line mode for creating data witliout bdng tied KORRECT MY SPELLING Apple has been busy on software, too. I Ve just gotten my hands on a copy of Apple Speller III and its nothing to sneeze at. It will work with any text file, not just one created by Apple Writer III, although it works hest with Apple Writer III, version 2.0. While it can run in a 128K machine, its ability to correct misspelled words is very limited un- less you have 256K. Based on the Random House Dic- tionary, Concise Edition, Apple Speller III will ferret out misspelled or unknown words, then it will sim- '///^s Company- Monitors ply ^ow them to you, it will guess at the words you meant, or it will search through the dictionary list for other words that come close in spelling and display them for your consideration. If it s more convenient, you can mark the words arid change them later with whatevar word processor you are using. Apple Speller Ill's help with cor- rect spelling is a great advantage. Most similar programs assume a mis- spelling occurs as a typographical er- ror, not through ignorance; they of- fer no help with the true spelling. This lack of assistance has always vexed JT^, r A VIDEO JACK OF THE RIGHT COLOR it seems that some of you folk are having trouble getting good color res- olution on your color video monitor. The problem, in many cases, is trying to get a color signal from the hUckr and-white video jack on the rear pan- el. The signal at that point is de- scribed, in the Apple III owner's manual, as black-and-white compos- ite^ video with color information gen- erating a linear grey scale. Getting color from such a si^ial is highly unr likely. To fix the problem, procure a 75- ohm coaxial cable (type RG-59 will do), a 15-pin D connector with a suit- able hood assembly, and a male RCA plug. Solder the center conductor of the coax cable to the tip of the RCA plug, and the shield braiding to its outer ring. On the other side, the cen- ter conductor should be soldered to pin 12 of the D connector, and the shield to pin 13. Once that's com- pleted, and you're sure you've done it right, insert the RCA plug into the monitor and the D connector into the color video port on the back of the Apple III. You should get fine color now. In emulation mode, you may notice a flickering column of dots along the left side of the screen. This is, unfortunately, normal. So we bring May to a merry dose. Next month, a surprise or two, but for now, live long and program. Ciao bene, Apple Am^ca! ■ JB'1205M NEC's JB-1 205M (amber) has an 1 8MHz bandwidth on 80 column by 24 line (12" diagonal screen). The JB- 1 201 is the green screen version. JB-1205M (amber) $169.88 JB-1 201 M (green) $169.88 AMDEK 300 ( 1 2" green) $1 49.88 300A (1 2" amber) $1 59.88 Co lorl+(Gom) $32a.88 ROLAND DG " '^M^Sjfe MB-121G 12" green) .$1S9.88 MB-1 21 A (1 2" amber) $1 59.88 Modems Password A direct connect originate/answer modem. 300/1 200 baud, auto dial/ answer, auto mode/speed select, full/ half 'J ip ex (toca! echo), DTR override, t^S-232C )ins 2 & 3 reversible & audi p one line monitor Includes RS-232C able, power supply & modular cable, RS-232C interface f r Apple II opti inal. Password $369.88 RS-232CCard $89.88 00 HAYES --y'M'i- ;: Micromodem He The Micromodem lie is an originate/answer, auto UM/ answer, full/h-ilf duplex internal modem for the Apple/Franklin systems. It includes a communications package (Smartcom I), modem board, cables & ;omplete documentation. A suprior product. Micromodem Me $259.88 Smartmodems 300 baud ,.$239.88 300/1200 baud $559.88 NOVATtON AppleCat 11 The AppleCat II is a 300 baud originate/answer, auto dial/ answer, full/half duplex internal modem for the Apple/Franklin systems. A 1 200 baud version is also available. 300 baud $269.88 1 200 baud $589.88 Peripherals Soiicard Sysiem Includes 280 Softcard for CP/M Videx's Videoterm for 80 column display, a 1 6K RAMcard, software & Thorn Hogan's book on CP/M". Premium Package , $559.88 If you've already got 64K RAM (Franklin or lie), get tfie Z80/Softeard Combo. Same spec's, but without 1 6K RAMcard, Z80/Videx Combo $51 9.88 Z80 Softcard $279.88 16K RAMcard $89,88 TtTAN .Jga:lfei Accelerator II The Accelerator ITs high-speed 6502 processor & 64K memory makes an Apple II run 3V2 times faster. Comeis with pre-boot. Accelerator II $499.88 Neptune An 80-column boards for the Apple He w/64, 1 28 or 1 92K RAM added. Takes the lie short-slot. 32K Neptune Board $199.88 64K Neptune Board $31 9.88 1 28 K Neptune Board $409-88 RA Mboatds 32K Memory Board $1 69.88 64K Memory Board $279.88 1 28K Memory Board $399.88 VideoTerm The VideoTerm produces an 80- column display. Soft switch lets you toggle between 40 or 80 columns. Upper/lowercase, CP/M'" & Pascal compatible. VideoTerm w/switch , . . . $239.88 VideoTerm w/o switch $209.88 UltraTerm UltraTerm takes VideoTerm one step further: it produces 1 60 :olumns, as well as 80 columns, vith upper/ lower case $289.88 Enhancer II The Enhancer II allows pro- grammablity of keys, macro definitions for keys, upper/lower case & more. It's better than having a new keyboard $109.88 PSIO A parallel & RS-232 interface board for the ll/tl+/lte/Frankl(n. "Ptiantom Slot" & HIRES dump highlight its many features $179.88 Elite- i The Elite-1's are single-sided, with 1 63 K storage, 84ms access time & 13 or 1 6 sectoring. The Controller Card can run four drives— Apples, Rana's or whatever— in any combination. The Ellte-2's are double-sided drives, Elite-3's are 80 track drives. Elite-1 , $259.88 Elite-2 $489.88 Elite-3... $639.88 Controller $99.88 ADVA NCED MICRO PRQOUC^TS Micro Drive An Apple-compatibile floppy disk drive that features a Panasonic direct- drive mechanism. There are 16 sectors per track (48 tpi), with a total capacity of 1 40K byte$ (half- tracking capability too), AMT MicroDrive $21 9.88 Smarterm II An 80-column card with inverse & highlight video, shiftkey, etc. 7x9 char, SOcol X 24 lines w/ 25th addressable line $149.88 CP/M PLUS The CP/M Plus card sets a new standard for Apple CP/M, 6MHz Z-80B processor, w/64K, CP/M Plus 3.0 oper- ating system, CBASIC language & GSX-80 software for programming CP/M Plus graphics $329.88 ALS Z-Card {Z-80 card w/CP/M 2.2 & utilities) $149.88 ALS RS-232C Interface $1 1 9.88 Cooling Fan We are introducing a new product line for the Apple I system, marketed exc usively by THE BOTTOM LINE. We hegin ou' effort with a Cooling Fan. The TBL CooHngFan attaches to the side of any Apple M system, , drawing cool air across the boards. Two 1 10VAC plugs on the Cooling Fan allow you to plug in a monitor & printer as well The power to your system is filtered by the Cooling Fan to educe transient line noise, spikes & surges which, like heat, can also r tin your system. The TBL Cooling Fan comes with a one-year warranty. Cooling Fan $59.88 Drive Controller Handles two Apple-compatible di$k drives (A/B or C/D). Controller .$6.9.88 Information/Orders: (603)881-9855 ^fice$/ Orders Only: No Hidden Charges: • You get FREE shipping on all orders within the 48 states. • Most orders delivered within '1 days or less. UPS 2nd Day and Overnight available for most areat (costs extra). • Easy payment terms: We accepi all majo credit cards, certified checks.i money orders, company checks or personal checks (allow 21 days for , personal checks). • We never charge extra for credit cards. • Credit cards are not charged until order is shipped, • We accept CGDs up to :^ 1000 <add $ hand ing fee per order) payable with certified check or money order. • We have a $50 minimum order • Company Purchase ©rders are accepted on a limited basis & upon approval only. Sorry, no APO or foreign orders accepted. All our equipment is shipped with full manufacturers warranty. We are m authorized dealer for all products we sell to insure full warranty support, & we re authorizerl for warranty work on a number of printers. We afso offer extended warranty plans for many printers We prepared this ad n March, & prices do c lange, so call to verify them. OurCompwferShoiv/'Oom is now open in Amherst, New Hampshire, five mites west of Nashua (one hour from Boston). Send $1.00 & com- puter type for our new computer catalog. HIGH TECHNOLOGY AT AFFORDABLE PRICES THE BOTTOM LINE MILFORD, NH 03055-0423 □ TELEPHONE (603) 881-9855 May im feite 15 Fudge It! by Don Fudge Hundreds of Scenes Per Disk! If you do a lot of computer art composed of colored or uncol- ored line drawings, or if you write adventure games, then you need utilities for displaying lots of differ- ent scenes. Educational programs coming out these days with dozens of pictures that graphically enhance the learning process are examples of applications of such utilities. This is where state-of-the art has taken us. There are several things you need for recreating scenes from data quickly and efficiently, especially if you have from 100 to 248 scenes stored on one side of a disk. Faster DOS One requirement is some sort of fast disk operating system, such as Pronto-DOS, Diva:si-DOS, Fast- DOS, TDE, or Pro-DOS, to speed up file loading from disk. Contact me for more information on this, if you don't know how to deal with it. Good Art To make your creations market- able, should you so desire, a good artist is also necessary. If you re real- ly good at designing graphics your- self, keep in mind that there are a lot of career opportunities opening up in this field. Compression The most significant need is for good drawing and screen-compress- ing, or data-saving, utilities. You must either draw scenes as pictures and then compress them to as few bytes as possible, or save the scenes as line data and perhaps oolor-fill data as well. The advantages of compressed bi- nary pictures are that they're easy to handle and take litde in the way of memory space for decompressing A white-imrhlack line drauHng created wi&i HPDBAW. The same drawing, color-filled. 16 &ider May 1984 I I TSK Electronics Corporation 18005 Cortney Court City of Industry. CA 91748 (213) 810-1291 Circle 402 on Reader Service card. ^"i^XyAIM also offers the 410-80, 80 column and RGB card to interface with the Apple He. ®~K^X^y\l monitors stand alone. See your local ®T^XJMM dealer, or call us for details! 1. HPDRAW. GOSUB 2500 1 ONERR GOTO 63990 2 GOTO 600 3 PE - PEEK ( 4 PK - PEEK ( 6 5 RETURN 6 ROT« 64* SCALE= l:P0 » INT ( PDL (0) * 1.095): PI = INT 5)i XDRAW 1 AT P0,Pli FOR QH ■ 1 TO 50: NEXT : XDRAW 1 7 PK - PEEK ( - 16364)1 IF PK > 127 THEN POKE - 16368,0: - 16336) + PEEK ( - 16336): RETURN 16384): IF PK > 127 THEM POKE - 16368, 0t Q08UB 2100: GOTO ( PDL (1) * .7 AT P0,P1 OOSUB 1900: RETURN V + 1: POKE V, PEEK (225) SHAPES X COORDINATE '(A/B):"; GET GOTO 6 IF WI = 1 THEN V RETURN HOME : VTAB 2: PRINT "DO YOU WANT TO DRAW 256-WIDE HPLOT R 280-WIDE HPLOT SHAPES WHICH REQUIRE 16-BIT (2 BYTE) & TAKE UP MORE SPACE?": PRINT PRINT "(A) 2 56": PRINT : PRINT "(B) 280": PRINT : PRINT A$: PRINT A$: IF LEN {A$ ) =0 THEN 30 IF ASC (A$) < > 65 AND ASC (A$) < > 66 THEN 30 IP ASC (A$) = 66 THEN VII ^ X CALL 624S0 POKE - 16303, 0t POKE - 16298, 0t H@»ffi t VTAB It PRINT "USE THE PADDLE S T© MOVE TIBS 0©T UNTII. YOU'RE AT YOUR STARTING POINT. HIT THE BUT TON @ir PKmtM #0, NOW HOVE THE BOT UNTIL A LINE DRAWN BETWEEN THIS DOT & THE 1ST DOT WOULD BE THE LINE PRINT "YOU DESIRE. HIT BUTTON #0 AGAIN. KEEP UPTHIS PROCESS UNTIL DONE . AFTER THE LAST LINE HAS BEEN DRAWN, HIT NOT ONLY PADDLEBUTTON #0 BU T BUTTON #1 AS WELL.": GOSUB 63000 GOSUB 188: POKE - 16304,0: POKE - 16297,0 HOME :P1 = .75 * PDL (1): IF PI > 159 THEN VTAB 23: PRINT "MOVE PDL #1 COUNTERCLOCKWISE! "; GOSUB 62000: GOTO 50 ROT= 64: HCOLOR= H: SCALE= 1:FL ■ 0:V = 3329 :W » 0:V1 ■ 3329 55 P0 = INT ( PDL (0) + (.095 * PDL (0) * WI))tPl - .75 * PDL <1): XDRAW 1 AT P0,P1:X% - P0:Y% = PI 60 REM 61 PK - PEEK ( - 16384): If PK > ,127 THEN POKE - 16368,0: IF PK « 160 THEN V ■ V - (2 + WI): HCOLOR- 0: GOSUB 950: HPLOT Z0,21 TO Z2,Z3: HC0LOR- H: GOSUB 62000 :Xt - Z0:YI " ZltZ0 = Z2:Z1 - Z3: GOTO 970 IF PK = 193 THEN PK = 0: CALL 62450: GOTO 50 = 198 THEN PK = 0:FS = NOT FS = 1 THEN POKE - 16302,0 VTAB 21: PRINT "X; " INT (P0)" Ys " INT (Pl)" LINES :"W IF FS = THEN POKE - 16301,0 PRINT "PRESENT BYTE ADDRESS :"V PRINT "SCENE'S BYTE LENGTH i"V - 3328 70 PI - .75 * . PDL (1): FOR QW « 1 TO 10: NEXT :P0 » INT ( PDL (0) + (.09 5 * PDL (0) * WI)): XDRAW 1 AT X%,Y%: XDRAW 1 AT P0,PltX% ■ P0:Y% - PI ' . VTAB 1 B0 - PEEK ( - 16287): IF B0 > 127 THEN PRINT CHR$ (7):V » V + 1: POKE V, PEEK (224): GOSUB 9:V = V + 1: POKE V, PEEK (226): IF FL = THEN FL = 1;B0 = 0:21 = PltZe = P0: XDRAW 1 AT P0,P1; GOTO 85 IF B0 > 127 THEN HPLOT X%,Y% TO Z0,Z1:B0 = 0:Z3 = Z1:Z2 - Z0:Z1 = Y% : Z0 * X%: IF ER - 1 THEN ER « 0: GOSUB 960 85 Bl » PEEK ( - 16286): IP Bl > 127 AND FL « 1 THE*I HCOLOR- H: GOTO 110 8 9 10 30 31 3 2 35 40 47 48 49 50 51 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 75 80 82 IF PK IF FS HOME : 90 110 120 130 135 140 150 162 165 170 175 188 GOTO 60 PRINT "":GG = INT ((V - VI) / (2 + WI)): POKE VI, GG HOME : TEXT i VTAB 2: INVERSE : PRINT "CHOOSE TO:": NORMAL : PRINT : PRINT *'(1) DRAW ANOTHER LINE IN THIS SC]^"i PRINT "(2) @UIT PRESENT SCENE, START A NEW ONE": PRINT "(3) QUIT AND SAVE SCENE": PRINT "(4) QUIT" PRINT : PRINT "(1-4):";: GET A$:AZ « VAL (A$): IF LEN (A$} = THEN 130 PRINT CHR$ (13): CALL 1002 IF AZ > 4 OR AZ < 1 THEN 130 ON AZ GOTO 160,165,170,175 160 W = W + 1:V1 =V+1:V*V+1 161 PI = ,75 * PDL (1):FL - POKE - 16304,0: POKE - 16297,0: GOTO 55 CALL 62450: GOTO 30 POm 3328, W * 1: GOTO 204 GOTO 800 PRINT t PRINT "TO BRASS LIME, HIT SPACE BAR.": PRINT "TO ERASE SHAP^, HIT P"i PRINT "I^P « O HIT A."t PRINT "TO TOGOLB Mixm/WULL SCREEN, F LINES IN SCENE TENDER 256": GOSUB 63010 RETURN HOME : VTAB 1 300 D? = CHR? (4) 301 VTAB 21 INPUT "FILE NAME: "rN$: IF LEN (N$) =0 THEN 302 INPUT "DID YOU GET IT RIGHT? (Y/N):";Z$: IF LEN (Z$) ■ THEN 302 IF ASC (Z$) < > 89 THEN 302 TEXT ! VTAB 1: HOME 308 LL = (V + 1) - 3328 309 GOSUB 20000 PRINT D$"B8AVE",-N$r',A3328,L"jLL VTAB 21: PRINT NS 190 204 302 303 304 307 310 311 312 "A3328 L"LL" LINES :"W -¥ I: PRINT "(HIT ANY KEY):";: GOSUB 314 400 402 403 404 PRINT 63010 GOSUB 21000 GOTO 600 HOME : VTAB 1 PRINT : PRINT = THEN 402 PR£NT QW$: PRINT GOSUB 20^00 tD$ m cm$ (4)t PRINT Bf "BLOAD" ?STN$i PRINT (43634) 4- PEEK (43635) * 256:L6 - PEEK (43616) -f PEEK (43617) 6: PRINT "LENGTH: "LS INPUT "FILE NAME: ";STN$! IF "DID YOU GET IT RIGHT? (Y/N)i" LEN (STN$) = THEN 600 : GET QW$: IF LEN (QW$) CHR$ (13): CALL 1002: IF ASC (QW$) 89 THEN 40 " PEEK 25 Uklk^ ooiiliniinf routines. However, the actual com- pressed data often occupies from 12 to 25 disk sectors— not very "com- pressed" for many purposes! (There may be a few of you who don't yet know that a normal BSAVEd picture is 33 sectors long and is mv^ with BSAVE pic, A$20(X), LflFFS for page one graphics and BSAVE pic, AI4000, L$1FF8 for page two.) So, compressing from 33 sectors to 12 t0 25 is okay for some purposes, but very inadequate for others. If two-to-five sector colored or micol- ored scenes are what you need, then put your fast DOS in place, get your scene utilities out and start trucking Badc-Issue Goodies But what if you have no scene utihties? Then you can use the ones in this colunm, combined with those in my August, 1983 column. In August I presented PALETTE, a scene color-filling program, PATRN- MAKER, a color palette maker, and FILL4, a machine language color- fill algorithm that fills any color you want into white line drawings on black backgrounds. (Contact me if you'd like information on how to get black-lined, white-background color- fill utilities.) If you don't have the August, 1983 inCider, refer to page 6 in tfiis issue tor instructions on how to get one. The Programs To supplement Augusts column, you need these programs: HP- DRAW, HLLTABLE, A2, A3, CTABLE MAKER, SCENE BE- CREATE, A5, a HELLO program, MENU, and some diatiges the PALETTE program from August, You'll find them all in this column. HPDRAW (Listing 1) creates dtber 256- or 280-piaael-wide line drawings and saves them as binary data files of two or three sectors. The advantage of 256-wide drawings is that they take up one third less mem- ory and operate a bit foster, but at the expense of 9 percent of your Write to Don Fudge at Avant-Garde Crea- Hom, PO Box 30160, Eugene, OR 97403. 18 Aider M^rl964 It dials and files. Rnds ard reminds. Sorts and reports. K Micro Oary The new way to iixaiease your telqtaie productivity If you use the phone for business or pleasure, we can save you a lot of time. Just connect the telephone Micro Diary to your phone and computer, and you're in business with the smartest system going. A powerful, electronic telephone directory stores 2,000 names, numbers and addresses. It finds the phone number you need and dials it automatically — including those toilsome, long-distance access codes And with a special note-filing feature, you can put extra information with each directory listing, includ ing contact names and key information. The telephone Micro Diary is also strong on follow-up, maintaining your daily calendar of activi ties, plus a tickler file to call your attention to important matters. And there are many more features. A mystery phone number finder to help recon- cile monthly phone bills. Sorts by phone numbers or by names. Printing too — your entire directory, calendar, notes, even mailing labels. The telephone Micro Diary is easy to install and use on practically any phone and most popular microcomputers. See your dealer for details or contact: Wesper Microsystems: 14321 New Myford Road, Tustin, CA 92680, (714) 730-6250. Telex 4720629. Sales and Marketing by The MARKETING RESOURCE GROUP lUESPER jniCRDSYSTEmS '^A WESPERCORP COMPANY Circle 529 on Reader Service card. May 1984 feider 19 IMng continued. 410 415 420 421 425 430 440 480 490 500 530 PEEK (3328) A) 256"! PRINT 280 A$) = THEN 420 406 WI - 1 408 GOSUB 21000 PRINT ; PRINT "# OP LINES IN SCENE: POKE 250,0: POKE 251^3 PRINT I PRINT "SCENE WIDTH* "t PRINT ! PRINT "t PRINT s PRINT "(A/B): GET A$s IP LEN PRINT A$! PRINT CHRS (13 J i CALL 1002 IF ASC (A5) < > 65 AND ASC (A$) < > 66 THEN 420 IF ASC (A$) = 65 THEN PRINT D$ •'BL0ADA2'' sWI ■ 0: GOTO 480 PRINT D$"BL0ADA3" HGR : POKE - 16302,0 HCOLOR= BC: HPLOT 0,0: CALL 62454: HCOLOR- H CALL 848 510 BS = 1:VS = 525 GET AA?; PRINT CHR$ (13): CALL 1002: HOME : TEXT VTAB 21: INPUT "DO YOU WANT ANOTHER FILE? (Y/N):";QW$: IF LEN (QW$) THEN 530 89 THEN HOME : GOTO 550 POKE - 16298,0; HOME : VTAB 1: INVERSE : HTAB 18: PRINT IF ASC (QW$) < GOTO 402 REH POKE - 16303,0 "MENU:": NORMAL 601 SO = 0:FL = : ZQ = : D$ = CHR? (4) 602 SCALE= Si HCOLOR= H: ROT= R 603 PRINT "(HIT ESC TO QUIT OR 'M' FOR MENU)": PRINT PRINT "(0)ABORT SCREEN START OVER": PRINT PRINT "(l)CHOOSE A LINE COLOR": PRINT PRINT *'(2)CH00SE A lAGKGROUND COLOR (USE BLACK FOR DRAWING) 540 545 550 600 605 620 636 3329: FOR L » PEEK (AD + 3): IF WI - + WI)!VE = PEEK (AD + 4 + 256, VE: GOSUB 3: HPLOT HL + HH * FOR OW = 1 TO PDL 256, V TO LO + HI * (256 * HI):yE = 0)),HI: POKE AD 2005 2010 2020 2050 2055 2060 2100 2110 2500 2505 2510 2515 2520 20000 TEXT : HOME : INPUT "?AN$: IF DO YOU WANT TO SAVE IT THIS NEW WAY? LEN (AN$) = THEN 2010 < > 89 THEN CALL 54915: GOTO 600 INPUT "FILE NAME: " ; F$ : IF LEN (F$) (Y/N): THEN 2050 ,A3328,L"LG: CALL 54915: GOTO 2000 GOSUB 21000: GOTO IF ASC (AN$) TEXT : HOME : GOSUB 20000 PRINT CHR$ (4)"BSAVE"F$" 600 IF PK - 155 THEN CALL 54915: RETURN POKE 2296,1: POKE 2297«0: POKE 2298,4: POKE 2299,0: POKE 2300,4: POKE 2301,0 POKE 232,248: POKE 233,8 HCOLOR- 3iH « 3: POKE - 16301,0 HGR RETURN TEXT : HOME : FLASH : PRINT "SWITCH TO DATA DISK.": NORMAL : GOSUB 63000: RETURN 21000 FLASH I PRINT "SWITCH TO PROGRAM DISK. 640 PRINT "(3)L0AD IN A SCENE": PRINT 650 PRINT "(4)DRAW SCENE & SAVE IT": PRINT 660 PRINT "(5)VIEW SCREEN": PRINT 670 PRINT "(6)EDIT A SAVED LINE DRAWING": PRINT 690 FLASH : PRINT "(CHOOSE 0-6): ";: NORMAL : GET A$ : PRINT CHR$ (13) 691 IF ASC (A$) = 77 THEN PRINT CHR$ ( 4 ) j " RUNMENU " 692 IF ASC (A$) = 27 THEN TEXT : HOME : END 700 IF LEN (A$) =0 THEN 690 710 IF VAL (A$) < OR VAL (A$ ) > 6 THEN 690 719 IF A? = "0" THEN 912 7 20 ON VAL (A$) GOTO 900,916,402,30,920,1000 721 GOTO 600 900 HOME : VTAB It INPUT "LINE COLOR? (0-7):"jH: IF H > 7 OR H < THEN 9 00 902 GOTO 600 912 INPUT "SURE YOU WANT TO ABORT SCREEN? (Y/N):";QW$! IF LEN (QW$) ^ THEN 912 913 IF ASC (QW$) < > 89 THEN 600 914 HGR : GOTO 600 916 INPUT "SURE YOU WANT TO DO A BACKGROUND COLOR? THIS WILL ERASE ANY SH APE! (y/N):";QW$: IF LEN (0W$) = THEN 916 917 IF ASC (QW$) < > 89 THEN 600 918 HOME : VTAB li INPUT "BACKGROUND COLOR (THIS ERASES SHAPES 1) (1-7):" ;BC: IP BC > 7 OR BC < THEN 918 919 POKE - 16304,0: POKE - 16297,0: HCOLOR" BC: HPLOT 0,0t CALL 62454: VTAB 21: GOSUB 63000: GOTO 600 920 POKE - 16304,0s POKE - 16297,0: VTAB 21: GOSUB 63000: GOTO 600 950 E0 - Z0:E1 - Z1:ER = 1: RETURN 960 HC0LOR= 0: FOR Q = El - 1 * (El -1> "0)TOE1+1* (El + 1 < 192 ): FOR W = E0 - 1 * (E0 - 1 > = 0) TO E0 + 1 * (E0 + 1 < 192): HPLOT W,Q: NEXT : NEXT : HCOLOR* H: RETURN 970 HCOLOR= 0: HPLOT Z0,Z1 TO Z2,23: HCOLOR- H: GOTO 60 1000 POKE - 16304^0! POKE - 16297,0: LI -, PEEK (3328): AD 1 TO LI 1020 SEGS = PEEK (AD) - 1: FOR S = 1 TO SEGS 1025 HCOLOR= 1030 HL = PEEK (AD + DsHH = PEEK (AD + 2)iV » TSmS V « HHSHH - 1035 LO = PEEK {AD + 3 + Wl):HI = PEEK (AD + 4 WI + WI) : IF WI = THEN HI = 1040 HPLOT HL + HH * 256, V TO LO + HI ^ (0) * 8: NEXT : GOSUB 4: HCOLOR= 3; 256, VE 1045 AD = AD + 2 + WI 1050 NEXT :AD = AD + 3 + WI: NEXT : GOTO 1000 1900 IF PK > 203 THEN HI = INT (P0 / 256) * WI:LO = P0 PI: POKE AD + (4 - (WI = 0)),LO: POKE AD + (5 - (WI + (6 - (2 * (WI = 0))),VE: HCOLOR= 3: RETURN 1910 HH = INT (P0 / 256) * Wl!HL = P0 - (256 * HH)!V » PI: POKE AD + 1,HL : POKE AD + 2,HH: POKE AD + (3 - (WI « ) ) , V: HCOLOR" 3: RETURN 2000 POKE 250,0: POKE 251,13: PRINT CHR$ ( 4 ) "BL0ADA3 " : HGR : HCOLOR" 3: POKE - 16302,0! IF WI = THEN PRINT CHR? (4)"BLOADA2" CALL 848: GET AA$ : PRINT CHR$ (13): CALL 1002 : NORMAL t GOSUB 63000: RETURN Usting continued. screen width. (X coordinates need only 8-bit numbers, as opposed to the 16-bit numbers required of 280-wide drawings.) , FDLLTABLE (Listing 2) runs the madiine language line-drawing al- gorithm (A2 or A3) and then uses col- or-fill data (to be saved during use of the PALETTE program) to color-fOl the line drawing just im^eated. A2 (Listing 3) recreates 2S6-wide line drawings, and A3 (Listing 4) recre- ates 280-wide line drawings. With CTABLE MAKER (Listing 5) you choose 32 4-by-2 (pxel format is 4 bytes wide and 2 lines high) col- ors for filling scenes. Each cUsk scenes has its own CTABLE (color table) — these scenes can choose from only the 32 colors in that disk's ''cray- on bdx.^ SCENE RECREATE (Listing 6) reconstructs your data files into scenes. Finally, A5 (Listing 7) uses the CTABLE's data to make a color pal- ette from which you dKxise when color-filling. Here's a good HELLO program with which to initialize your disk: 20 POKE104,96:POKE24576,0 :PRINT CHR$(4)"RUN MENU" Save this as HELLO if the disk is initialized, or do !nit HEIJLO tf blank. You also need a MENU program, induded in this moiEi&'s listings as well (Listing 8). I made it really sim- ple; feel free to make it a bit fancier. Here are the BSAVE parameters for the listings needing them: hlltabij:, Ai9i6,im^ A2,A848,I^ A3,A848,.L104 A5, A37888, L256 Remember CALL -151 to access the monitor for typing. Don't enter over six lines of ter ^ide at dtka^ and use space between codes. Do 800.8B7 types of monitor memory dumps to check your work and per- haps BOOL (for example) disassembly listings to double-check. Make sure (even if you don't use my HELLO program) that POKE 104,96:POKE24576,0 is in effect before you run MENU or the other pro- 70 ^ider May 1984 Add a Print Screen Key to your Apple. FingerPrinf is the parallel printer interface card that puts Apple in the palm of your hand. But that's only the beginning. A touch of the FingerPrint button puts any progrann on hold, so you can make hard copies of any graphics or text. And do things Apple never innagined. FingerPrint consists of the printer interface card connected to a touch-sensitive button that adheres to your keyboard. It also comes with a free printer cable and a disk loaded with programs. Now with VisiCalc enhancements. We made FingerPrint smart. You can make it even smarter. The built-in ROM provides functions like Print Screen, Program Pause, Graphic Dump, Jump to Keyboard or Monitor for De-bugging and more. With 2K of user RAM, you can invent new functions such as Keyword Search and Replace or special tasks only you could dream up. FingerPrint worics with any parallel printer made. And it can be programmed to interface with new printers as they come on the market. Get the most out of your Apple II, Apple 11+ or Apple He. Order FingerPrint today. Or visit your nearest dealer for a test flight. Thirdware has a whole family of innovative computer products. Including a multiple-printer parallel interface, slim-line disk drives, diskettes, disk cases and the only protective sleeves that remain in place while the disk is in use. Write for our latest catalog. circle 32 on Reader Service card. ORDER TOLL-FREE. 1-800-528-6050 Ext. 2112 In Arizona: 1-800-352-0458 □ Please send a free Thirdware catalog and complete ' information on Fingerprint. □ Please send FingerPrint(s) @ $149 each. {Add $3.50 shipping & handling for each one ordered.) FL residents add 5% sales tax. Enclose check or credit card authorization for full amount. THIRDWARES^ COtVIPUTER PRODUCTS fioH J. ViaCalc. FingerPrint and Thirdware Connputer Products are registered trademarks, respectively, of Apple Computer. Inc., VisiCorp & Precision Software, Inc. City _ _ State _ .Zip . Charge to: MasterCard/Visa (Circle one) Acct, No Expires . Signature ivlail to Precision Software, Inc. 4747 NW 72nd Avenue Miami, FL 33166 Listing conHnued, 1 TQ 15! PL = PEEK ( - 16336): NEXT : RETURN (HIT ANY KEY TO CONT 62000 FOR QW 63000 PRINT " INUE) : 63010 PK = PEEK ( 63020 GOTO 63010 63990 PRINT CHR$ (7): POKE 216, 0i ONERR 63991 PP = PEEK (222): IF PP - 254 THEN 63994 POKE - 16303,0: POKE - 16298,0 63995 PRINT "YOUR ERROR IS CODE #:"PP: GOSUB 63000 16384) s IF PK > 127 THEN POKE GOTO 63990 RESUME 16368,0! RETURN CALL 54915: GOTO grams. Uanjg my HELLO will en- sure this.. Also be sure that PALETTE and FILL4 (A|9000,U4jog^) are load^ onto 1F00- 20 E2 F3 A9 0D B5 FB A9 iF0a- 00 85 FA 8D 52 C0 A9 7F 1F10- 85 E4 A5 P0 F0 0E A2 00 1F18- 8A AS 20 57 P4 20 F6 F3 iF20- A9 00 85 E4 20 50 03 A5 1F28- FA 85 73 A5 FB 85 70 E6 1F30- 7B D0 02 E6 7C A0 00 Bl 1F38- 7B 85 7D A9 01 85 7E A9 1F40- 00 A8 85 DB E6 7B D0 02 1F48- E6 7C Bl 7B B5 DA A5 E7 1F50- F0 0C E6 7B D0 02 E6 7C 1F58- Bl 7B F0 02 E6 DB E6 7B 1F60- D0 02 E6 70 Bl 7B 85 F9 1F68- E6 7B B0 02 E6 7C Bl 7B 1F70- A8 B9 00 0C 85 06 C8 B9 1F78- 00 0C 85 07 CB B9 00 00 1F80- 85 08 CB B9 00 00 85 09 1F88- C8 B9 00 0C B5 DC 08 B9 1F90- 00 0C 85 DD 08 B9 00 0C 1F9B- 85 DE CB B9 00 0C B5 DF 1FA0- C8 A5 F0 F0 06 A9 7F 85 1FA8- E4 D0 04 A9 00 85 E4 A6 1FB0- DA A4 DB A5 F9 20 11 F4 1FB8- A5 E5 85 FF 85 EF A5 30 1FC0- 85 ED 20 00 90 A5 7E C5 1FC8- 7D B0 05 E6 7E 4C 3F IF 1PD0- 60 00 00 Lislmg2.FlLLTABLE, 0350- A2 00 Al FA 85 EB E6 FA 0358- D0 02 E6 FB A2 00 Al FA 0360- 85 06 E6 FA D0 02 E6 FB 0368- Al FA 85 08 A0 00 E6 FA 0370- D0 02 E6 FB Al PA A6 08 0378- 20 57 F4 C6 06 20 8C 03 0380- 20 3A F5 C6 06 D0 F6 C6 0388- EB D0 OB 60 A2 00 E6 FA 0390- D0 02 E6 FB Al FA 85 09 0398- E6 FA D0. 02 E6 FB Al FA 03A0- A8 A2 00 A5 09 60 00 00 0350- A2 00 Al FA 85 EB E6 PA 035B- D0 02 E6 FB A2 00 Al FA 0360- 85 06 E6 FA D0 02 E6 FB 0368- Al FA 85 08 E6 FA D0 02 0370- E6 FB Al FA AB E6 FA D0 0378- 02 E6 FB Al FA A6 08 20 0380- 57 F4 06 06 20 93 03 20 0388- 3A F5 C6 06 D0 F6 06 EB 0390- D0 C4 60 A2 00 E6 FA D0 0398- 02 E6 FB Al FA 85 09 E6 03A0- FA D0 02 E6 FB Al FA 85 03A8- 08 E6 FA D0 02 E6 FB Al 03B0- FA A8 A6 08 A5 09 60 00 LtBftng 4. A3. this disk and saved (and make the specified changes in PALETTE), and ifcat the PATM*J Mci^^^Si^^i^ (A$2000,L$2000), which is BLOADed at $4000 in PALETTE, is also saved onto the disk. These are all from Augusts column. Incidentally, the PATRN picture results from ruiming the PATBNMAKER fite from August. Scene Creation — Blade and White To create a black-and-white line drawing, choose HPDRAW from the MENU, then (4) DRAW SCENE & SAVE IT in HPDRAW. Normally spec- ify (B) 280 for screen width, when prompted, then read the instruc- tions. Hit F to toggle (switch back and forth) between foU- and mixed- screen graphics. I strongly recom- mend the following rules of Opera- tion: , • CLEAR 5 HOME t TEXT s VTAB 9; HIMEM: 36864 1 ONERR aOTO 63990 2 D$ = CHR$ {4)i GOSUB 300 3 K = 3072 5 GOSUB 1900 10 POKE 230,64 89 HOME : TEXT 90 PRINT : INVERSE : VTAB 1: PRINT "COLOR TABLE FILLER WILL PUT 32 DIFFER ENTCOLORS INTO $C00-$CFF ( 3072TO33 27 ) . WHEN32 ARE LOADED, IT WILL BE SAVED AS CTABLE,A$C00,L$100. TO RESTART HIT ESC": NORMAL 91 PRINT : PRINT "TO SELECT A COLOR, HIT PDL #0 BUTTON. CHOSEN COLORS W ILL BE MARKED.": PRINT : PRINT "HIT ANY KEYi": GET AA$ ! PRINT CHR$ ( 13) t CALL 1002 92 POKE - 16304,0: POKE - 16297,0: POKE - 16299,0 99 POKE - 16302,0 200 P0 = 1.09 * PDL (0):P1 = .75 * PDL (l): IF P0 1 AT P0,P1: XDRAW 1 AT P0 + 18, Pi: FOR QW P0 + 18, PI: XDRAW 1 AT P0,P1:O = PEEK ( - 16336) IF P0 + 18 > 279 THEN GOSUB 62090: GOTO 200 18 ,< 280 THEN XDRAW 1 TO 100: NEXT : XDRAW 1 AT > 127 THEN POKE - 16368,0: IF PK = 155 THEN (4) : GOTO 89 > 127 THEN P - PEEK (229): IF P / 2 < > 1 PEEK (39) * 256) :B = PEEK (39) * 256) PEEK (P + 1 + !D - PEEK (P + 201 204 PK = PEEK { - 16384): IF PK CLEAR :K = 3072 :D? = CHR$ 210 PP = PEEK { - 16287): IF PP INT (P / 2) AND P > THEN P = P 215 IF PP < 128 THEN 200 2 20 A = PEEK (P + PEEK (38) + (38) + PEEK (39) * 256) 225 C = PEEK (P + 2 + PEEK (38) + (38) + PEEK (39) * 256) 230 XDRAW 1 AT P0,P1 + 1: XDRAW 1 AT P0,P1 + 1:E = PEEK (P PEEK (38) PEEK (39) * 256) :F = PEEK (P + 1 + PEEK (38) + PEEK (39) * 256) 231 POKE K,A: POKE K + 1,B: POKE K + 2,C: POKE K + 3,D 232 G = PEEK (P + 2 + PEEK (38) + PEEK (39) * 256) :H = PEEK (P + 3 + (38) + PEEK (39) * 256) 235 POKE K + 4,E: POKE K + 5,F: POKE K + 6,G: POKE K + 7,H 266 HCOLOR- 0: DRAW 1 AT P0,Plf DRAW 1 AT P0 + 4, PI: DRAW 1 AT P0 + 2, PI DRAW 1 AT P0 + 2tPl + 2: DRAW 1 AT P0 + 2, Pi - 2 268 HCOLOR= 3: DRAW 1 AT P0 + 7, Pic DRAW 1 AT P0 + 11, Pi: DRAW 1 AT P0 + 9, PI: DRAW 1 AT P0 + 9,Pl + 2: DRAVJ 1 AT P0 + 9,P1 - 2 K + 8 3 + PEEK 270 271 272 GOSUB 60000 IF K > 33 27 THEN GOSUB 20000: PRINT D$ "BSAVECTABLE , A$C00 , L$ 100 " : HOME : TEXT : FLASH : PRINT "CTABLE SAVED!": NORMAL : GOSUB 21000: PRINT D $ " RUNMENU " 280 CALL 54915 :ZA = FRE (0): GOTO 200 300 PRINT CHR$ (4)"BLOADPATRN,A$4000": RETURN 1900 POKE 232,192: POKE 233,3: POKE 960,1: POKE 961,0: POKE 962,4: POKE 9 63,0: POKE 964,60: POKE 965,54: POKE 966/0: ROT- 0: SCALE= Is RETURN FLASH : PRINT "SWITCH TO DATA DISK. 20000 TEXT ! HOME 63000: RETURN 21000 PRINT I FLASH : PRINT "SWITCH TO PROGRAM DISK 00 : RETURN 60000 FOR QW = 1 TO 10 : PM = PEEK ( - 16336): NEXT : RETURN 6 2090 GOSUB 60000: RETURN 63000 PRINT : PRINT "(HIT ANY KEY TO CONTINUE):": PRINT 63030 PK = PEEK ( - 16384): IF PK > 127 THEN POKE - 16368,0 63050 GOTO 63030 POKE 216, 02 KP = PEEK (222) ONERR GOTO 63990 IP KP = 254 THEN RESUME PRINT " " ? " " " " CALL 54915 GOTO 89 NORMAL : GOSUB NORMAL ! GOSUB 630 63990 63991 63995 63997 63998 63999 LkHng 5. CTABLE MAKER. ^ &ider May 1984 \ Apple's* new ProDOS is DroThunderclock" When Apple designed their new ProDOS operating system for the Apple II family, they included an important new function — the ability to automatically read a clock/calendar card. Nice touch. It means that every time you create a new file or modify an existing one, the time and date are automatically recorded and stored in the CATALOG. Now you '•'tsefs can instantly know the exact time your files were last updated. Apple could have chosen any clock for ProDOS to recognize, but they chose only one. Thunder clock. It's the only clock men- tioned in the ProDOS manuals. That's a nice stroke for us, but it's even better for you. Because, in addition to organizing your disk files, Thunderclock will add a new dimension to all the new ProDOS-based software. For instance, with business or communications ^ Apple and the Apple logo are registered trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc. "ProDOS is a trademark of Apple Computer, Inc. B a o CO CO of cor C 0) software you can access a data base or send electronic mail automatically, when the rates are lowest. Even when you're not around. And that's just a start. The better you can use your Apple, the better you can use a Thunderclock. Thunderclock gives you access to the year, month, date, day-of-week, hour, minute and second. It lets you time intervals down to milliseconds and is compatible with all of Apple's languages. Thunderclock comes with a one-year warranty, is powered by on-board batteries and runs accurately for up to four years before simple battery replacement. If you want to make ProDOS really produce, take a page from the manual — get yourself a Thunderclock — the official ProDOS clock. See your dealer or contact us. Circle 129 on Reader Service card. WTHUNDEmARE, INC. 44 Hermosa Avenue, Oakland, CA 94618 (415) 652-1737 Fudge It! VTAB 9: HIMEM: 36864 125 150 205 210 215 2 20 490 500 16298,0: HCOLOR= CLt SCALE* S; ROT= Ri FILE'S ISAMEi CLEAR : HOME : TEXT 1 ONERR GOTO 63990 2 D$ = CHR$ (4) 89 HOME : POKE - 16303,0: POKE SZ = 0tVl = 0:37 = 90 WH - 0x POKE 240,0 100 PRINT D$''BL®ADFILL4": PRINT D$"BLOADFILLTABL£" GOSUB 430001 60SUB 20000 PRINT D$"BLOADCTABLE* PRINT : INPUT '•COMBINATION HPLOT SCENE & COLOR-FIli ;A$: IF LEN (A$) =0 THEN 205 PRINT D$"BLOAD"A$ GOSUB 21000 CALL 7936 GET AA$: PRINT CHR$ (13): CALL 1002 HOME 1 TEXT i INPUT "WANT ANOTHER SCENE? (Y/N) : "rAA$t IF LEN (AA$) ■ THEN 500 505 WH = 510 IF ASC (AA$) = 89 THEN CALL 54915 :PK " FRE (0): GOTO 90 520 PRINT CHR? (4)"RUNMENU" 20000 TEXT : FLASH : HOME : PRINT "SWITCH TO DATA DISK,": NORMAL : GOSUB 63000: RETURN 21000 FLASH : PRINT "SWITCH TO PROGRAM DISK.": NORMAL : GOSUB 63000: RETURN 43000 PRINT : INPUT "CHOOSE WIDE (280) OR NARROW (256) SCREEN FILLI NG (W/N): ";A$: IF LEN (A$) - THEN 43000 43010 WI = 0r P©KB 231,0: IF ASC (A$) = 87 THEN POKE 231,1:WI - 1: PRINT D$"BL0ADA3"( RETURN 43020 PRINT D$"BL0ADA2": RETURN 63000 NORMAL : PRINT : PRINT "(HIT ANY KEY TO CONTINUE):": PRINT 63010 PP = PEEK ( - 16384): IF PP > 127 THEN POKE - 16368,0: RETURN 63020 GOTO 63010 POKE 216,0:KP = PEEK (222) ONERR GOTO 63990 IF KP = 254 THEN RESUME PRINT CALL 54915 GOTO 89 63990 63991 63995 63997 63998 63999 Listmg 6. SCENE RECREATE. 9400- A9 D8 85 FE A2 00 86 E4 9408- A9 FC 85 FC 18 A5 FE 69 9410- 28 85 FE C9 79 90 01 60 9418- E6 FC E6 FC E6 FC E6 FC 9420- A5 FC C9 ID B0 E2 BD 00 9428- 0C .85 E3 E8 m m 0G 85 9430- F0 E8 BD 00 0C 85 D7 E8 9438- BD 00 0C 85 ID E8 BD 00 9440- 0C 85 IE E8 BD 00 0C 85 9448- IF E8 BD 00 0C 85 CE E8 9450- BD 00 0C 85 CF E8 86 FA 9458- A5 FE 85 FD A2 FF A0 00 9460- A5 FD 20 57 F4 A9 00 85 9468- FB 18 65 FC A8 20 C2 94 9470- 91 26 E6 FB A5 FB C9 04 9478- 90 EF A2 FF A0 00 E6 FD 9480- A5 FD 20 57 E4 C6 FD A9 9488- 00 85 FB 18 65 FC AS E6 9490- FB E6 FB E6 FB E6 FB 20 9498- C2 94 C6 FB C6 FB C6 FB 94A0- C6 FB 91 26 E6 FB A5 FB 94A8- C9 04 90 DF A6 FA E6 FD 94B0- E6 FD A9 26 18 65 FE 85 94B8- EE A5 FD C5 EB 90 9D 4C 94C0- 18 94 A5 FB D0 03 A5 E3 94C8- 60 C9 01 D0 03 A5 F0 60 94D0- C9 02 D0 03 A5 D7 60 C9 94D8- 03 D0 03 A5 ID 60 C9 04 94E0- D0 03 A5 IE 60 C9 05 D0 94E8- 03 A5 IF 60 C9 06 D0 03 94F0- A5 CE 60 A5 CF 60 00 00 94F8- 50 50 DB E0 50 E8 F0 F8 UsHng 7. AS. 1) Always begin (after choosing op- tion 4 to draw) by drawing a frame around the screen, for looks and to prevent later wraparound of color- fills. Then hit button #1 to exit, and choose option 1, DRAW AllOI!^^ LINE IN THIS SCENE. 2) A "line" has a unique definition here. It is the totality of all the seg- ments you draw, up to 255, without "taking your pencil off the paper." A triangle, rectangle, circle or ir- regular shape may all be onfe litm. Once you hit button #1, your last line is finished and you can save it, quit or draw another line. 3) Every time you draw a line, draw at least two points (defined, as youTl see in the instructions, by hitting button #0) before hitting button #1 tt> quit that line. If you goof, start ^oper, because your one-point line will sci^ up Ife entire piotdte^^ data file. AU I^m mmt haoe dt l^^ 10 D? 100 115 120 200 206 210 2 20 230 240 CHR5 (4) HOME I PRINT "(1) PALETTE": PRINT t PRINT "(2) HPDRAW" s PRINT "(3) CTABLE MAKER": PRINT : PRINT "(4) SCENE RECREATE": PRINT PRINT "1-4 1 "; GET A$» PRINT CHR$ (13) 0» VAL CA$) GOTO 210,220,230,2410 GOTO 10 PRINT D$"RUNP ALETTE" PRINT D$"RUNHPDRAW" PRINT D$"RUNCTABLE MAKER" PRINT D$-RUNSCENE RECREATE" lkiittg8.MENU. 2pointsl 4) l>^ever use button |1 to and a line; use button |0 J(N#. Color Table Creation To use CTABLE MAKER, simply Mfow tite instructions. (PATRN wiU be needed, so make sure it's on your disk.) Hit button #0 to choose colors, and the paddles for moving the cursor around. Your CTABLE will automatically BSAVE at the end, once 32 choices have beai made. Be sure to Int^d^lflaek, green, violet, orange, blue, brown, dark green and light green. They seem to be needed M niost soei^ PALETTE Use PALETTE, as I mentioned, was alreadfy dikjuss^ In August's in- Cider. However, the PALETTE CHANGES listing in this column (Listing 9) gives your old PALETTE program new. features. With it, PALETTE not only creates good color-filled 33-sector pictures, it also creates wide or narrow data-file pic- tures that will store in a few sectors. >It even aiables you to edit bad color- ffist Here are some of tfie rules for using this utility: 1) Don't fill on top of an Jirea al- ready Med. 2) Use quick button hits. ' ^ U 3) Don't fill on top of lines. 4) Keep in mind that the filling will begin just baieatb tihe cursor (to- wards ^ bdttdm ol stereen^ 5) Use E to edit a bad fill, but don't do it unless there are at least two fills completed already. 6) Use framed drawings, or at least start filling at the ri^t side of the screen and move leftwards. 7) Try to avoid creating line draw- ings with sharp angles to fill, al- though correct "paintbrush" use can fill tihose places and allow you to save at least a picture, if not data files. Paintbrush instructions are in the program. Here's how to create a data-file picture (after youVe made the changes in the August PALETTE program): 1) Draw a line drawing with 24 6ider May 1984 Something no modem has ever said before. As pull notice, t/)e Apple Modmi islxirdly noticeable under a desk p/mne If you're looking for a premium modem without a premium price, iiere's a word of advice: Apple. Introducing the Apple* Modem 300. And, to keep up with the busi- ness world, our faster Apple Modem 1200. Inside, they're pack- ed with all the technical wizardry you would want in an intelligent modem. Auto-dial. Auto-answer Built-in error diagnostics. And compatibility with all the latest advanced communications software. But the real message is located outside, due north of the little green light. That one familiar symbol tells you as much as a gigabyte of specs. It says Apple quality Apple technology And in the unlikely event you should need it, ^ple service. It also means total compatibility with what- ever ^ple you own. Particularly since we include the right accessory kit to get any system in our line on line. Immediately We even give you a subscription offer to THE SOURCE"and a free demonstration of Compu- Serve!" Together, they let you access almost any subject known to mainframes. News reports. Dow Jones averages. Sports scores. Closing prices on pork bellies. You can send electronic mail. Play games. Bank at home. Make friends. Influence people. Find the lowest air fares for business trips. Or do almost anything else you like. And since the computer age happens to coincide with the plastic age, you can charge your Apple Modem with an Apple Credit Card. Which, along with the low price, makes buying an Apple Modem as much frin as using one. / ^ That's something no modem has jL 7 been able to say before, / gum^ either 77je cahk. pljone cord and power supply are all included. And we offer a serid interface card for tlje Apple He at an unimmlly misonahle price Soon there'll be just two kinds of i^eople. Those ^A^o use computers. And those ^0 use Apples. Wb. For an authorized Apple dealer nearest you call (800) 538-9696. In Canada, call (800) 268-7796 or (800) 268-7637. © 1984 Apple Computer, Inc. Apple and the App^le logo are r^tered irademarks of Apple Computer, inc. CompuServe is a registered trademark of CompuServe (irp. THE SOURCE is a servicemark of Source TfeleComputing Cofporation, a subsidiary ofHie Reader's Digest Association, Inc. K-3072tWI - 1 PP - PEEK (-16384)1 IF PP > 127 THEN POKE -16368,0* .IP PP art TMMV -WisikWi' ' ■- ^ ^ « .fltl ' ^nttiA CM ' .i'.v ->.'' 160 THEN HGai.;p0KB-.-ll630i'*0t GOTO 50 5 IF PP > 127 TK6*r :50' 7 IF SZ * 1 THEN 24 ' 8 Z8 - 0t IF Z9 « THEN Z9 - It HGR^t OOSUB 300$ GOTO 10 10 GOSUB 1901 X » 139 » GOTO 89 15 RETURN 24 Z9 ■ 0* W « 3072s HCOLOR= 0: IF Z8 = THEN Z8 = 1 : HGR2 i PRINT D$"BL0ADA5": CALL 37888: PRINT D$ "BLOADFILLTABLE" 25 POKE -16299,0: POKE -16304,01 POKE -16297, 0j GOSUB 190 i X- ■ ■ • 139: GOTO 900 . . - , - m CL = 3: S= 1: R= 64: X= 139: Y= 79t eHR$(4): HOMEi IB = 0: X$="D" : GOTO 89 89 HOME: POKE -16303,0: POKE -16298,0: HCOLOR= CL: SCALE= S: ROT= R: Vl= 92 PRINT "(12) CREATE COLOR-FILL TABLE": PRINT " (13 )G0 TO SCAN AND SAVE SHAPE"; PRINT "(14)SAVE 34 SECTOR SCipbl; - , •-■ PICTURE": PRINT "(15)ERASE SCREEN": PRINT "(I'^ilBlS ' COLOR BYTE #S": PRINT "(17)MYSTERY COLOR" 98 ON ZZ GOTO 100,110,1100,1200,1300,1600,1700,1800,400,7,900 ,8000, 9000, 10000, 11000, 12000,13000 100 HOME: PRINT "(l) PALETTE": PRINT: PRINT "(2) HP DRAW" : PRINT: PRINT "(3) CTABLE MAKER": PRINT: PRINT "(4) SCENE RECREATE " : PRINT 111 IF ZZ = THEN FLASH: PRINT "NOW SWITCH BACK TO THE PROGRAM DISKl": ISKmSi^^^m,^^^. 113 IF ZZ= THEN PRINT Bf'*RlftiM^'* ' - 115 PRINT "1-4: "; 120 GET A$: PRINT CHR$(13) 190 POKE 232,192: POKE 233,3: POKE 960,1: POKE 961,0: POKE 962,4: POKE 963,0: POKE 964,60: POKE 965,54: POKE 966,0; ROT= 0: SCALE= 1: IF W= 1 THEN W= 0; RETURN 200 P0= 1.09 * PDL(0): Pl= .75 * PDL(l): IF P0+ 18 < 280 THEN XDRAW 1 AT P0,P1: XDRAW 1 AT P0+ 18, PI: FOR QW= 1 TO 100: NEXT: XDRAW 1 AT P0 + It.Pla mBMSH 1 A3P P0iBl* 0« PEEK (r 16336) 206 GOTO 10 210 PRINT D$"RUNPALETTE" 218 CN= {lNT(P0/28) + (INT (Pl/40) * 8))*8 220 PRINT D$"RUNHPDRAW" 230 PRINT D$"RUNCTABLE MAKER" 240 PRINT D$"RUNSCENE RECREATE" 565 PRINT: FLASH: PRINT "SWITCH TO YOUR PROGRAM DISK.": NORMAL: GOSUB 63000 Wm POKE 6, A: POKE 7,B; POKE 8,C: PO^ 9,D* P0i^^3E0,F« P0^ 221, F: POKE 222, G: POKE 223, H 910 P0= PDL(0) + INT(((.09 * PDL(0)) * WI) : Pl= INT(.75 * PDL (1)): GOSUB 1500: XDRAW 1 AT P0,P1: FOR QW= 1 TO 100: NEXT: XDRAW 1 AT P0,P1: IF Vl= THEN Z= PEEK (-16336) 916 P9= PEEK( -16384): IF P9> 127 THEN POKE -16368,0: IF P9 <> 155 AND P9 <> 195 AND P9 <> 197 THEN GOSUB 15000 918 PP= PEEK(-16286) : IF PP> 127 AND SZ= THEN HOME: GOTO 89 919 IF PP > 127 AND SZ =1 THEN 7 920 PP= PEEK (-16287): POKE 240,0 ' ' " 922 IF PP>127 AND SZ= THEN 950 924 IF P9 = 197 THEN V= V-(3+Wl); VI- Vl-l» POKE AD^Vl't P9"0i POKE 231,WI: CALL 7936: SCALE" 1: ROT»0s GOTO 900 925 IF P9= 155 THEN 985 950 ROT=0; SCALE= 1: XDRAW 1 AT fjef, PI s POKE 237,PEBK^8)t XDRAW 1 AT P0,P1: CALL 3$d64 955 IF SZ= THEN 980 956 IF WI= 1 THEBI P£?KE V^P0''- 256 * (P«>25tS}sV- V + It POKE V,(P0>255); <KJ*0^58 957 POKE V,P0 958 V= V+1: POKE V, PI : V= V+ls POKE V,CNf V- V+1 960 Vl= VI + 1: IF VI > 254 THEN 985 985 POKE AD, VI: SZ= " 990 HOME: TEXT: INVERSE: PRINT "HIT CTRL-C IF YOU SO NOT WANT TO SAVE": NORMAL: INPUT "NAME OF COMBINATION" HPtiOT/COLOR- FILL FILE: "? A? : IF LEN (A$)= THEN 990 995 GOSUB 20000 999 PRINT D$"BSAVE"A$",A"AR",L" (V+1) - AR: PRINT A?: PRINT, • "A"AR: PRINT "L"(V+1)-AR: GOSUB 63000; GOTO 565 8000 HOME: INPUT "NAME OF HPLOT SCENE FILE: "»A^f IF LEN (A$) = THEN 8000 ' 8005 POKE 250,0: POKE 251,13 8008 GOSUB 20000 ■ . , 8010 PRINT D$"BLOAD"A$: V= PEEK (43634)+ PEEK (43635) * 2S"68 -AR = V: V= V+ PEEK (43616) + PEEK (43617) * 256: AD - Vi- V« V+1: SZ=1: PRINT D$"BLOAD CTABLE" 8015 INVERSE: PRINT: PRINT "SWITCH TO PROGRAM DISK."i NORMAL: GOSUB 63000: GOSUB 43000: CALL 848: GOTO 89 20000 PRINT: INVERSE: PRINT "SWITCH TO YOUR SHAPE DISK:": NORMAL: GOSUB 63000: RETURN 43000 HOME: TEXT: INPUT "CHOOSE WIDE (280) OR NARROW (256) SCREEN FILIJ^ (W/n): ";A$4 IF LEN^A$ ) »0 THEN 43000 43*1*1 WI -.^fc'^tt^'lEBC tXj?) » 87 TOEN WI « Is PRINT D$"BL0A0A3" 43020' I D$ "BLOADAS " t RETURN Lktkg 9. PALETTE CHANGES. HPDRAW, and remember! # it fe narrow or wide. 2) Go to the menu, and th«i to PALETTE, hitting return to erase the screen during entry. (And, if you make more than one data file in a row, use option 15 to erase the screen between pictures.) 3) Use option 12 to begin creating a cdor-fOled d^ ila 4) Specify narrow or wide when asked — it must be correct. (This re- fers to the hne drawing youH be loading at this point; it was saved as NARROW or WIDE.) 5) Sdect option 10, CHOOSE A PAL- ETTE COLOR. (Make sure you've used CTABLE MAKER to create a color table, or it won't work.) 6) Move the double cursor aroutid and select a polor with button JO. 7) Read the ifistmstidris. 8) Youll now be color-filling your line drawing with the use of the pad- dles. Use paddle button #0 to fill and psddl^ button jfl to chops^ ^, cbiM'; fc see your oOdfdbiMIe^ khd color-byte colors, and E to edit (if you've made at least two fills). 9) Hit escape to exit and control-C to restart if you don't want to save the scene. 10) Erase the screen between scene- fills, unless you want to save a bi- msm 33^m^^ picture of a surreal variety. Use of SCENE RECREATE This utility enables you to recre- ate your scenes quickly and efficient- ly. It's possible to use the guts of this program, in a iirii^ form, as a GOSUB in your own Apple- soft programs, so you can load and display scenes conveniently. Make sure 240 is POKEd with 0, and 231 is pOKld 1 for wide^ or for nar- t!0W-s^een line drawings. - ^ncolored Scenes ; To use the enclosed utilities to cr^ colored, you need only BLOAD your line drawing data files at $D00, BLOAD A2 (narrow) or A3 (wide), and type GALL 848 to get your line drawing on the screen. Make sure HGR and HCOLOR = 3 are in place. The HPDRAW utility lets you not only create line drawings, but also reload data files and display the ira^^i^ii^ /ftotrrow or wide) — and you can evm edit theml The editor will be a surprise for you. It takes a while to learn how to use it effec- tively — it's rather strange. But it is ^mim tf^u^ed liglit^ Let's see if you can figure out what to do with it. Life needs some challenge. One hint: Use option 3 first. See you next timel ■ 26 &ider May im KEY TRONIC POUSHES THE APPLE n* KEYBOARD Eleven Function Keys Streamline Multiple Key Operations Keys in Familiar Typewriter Locations 10 Foot Cable For Portability Full Shifting Capability Numeric Pad Enhance your APPLE IF Computer System with a Key Tronic keyboard peripheral. This detached, low-profile keyboard is plug-compatible with the existing keyboard socket of the Apple II. It also features reliable microprocessor electronics, solid-state capacitance switches, and positive tactile feedback. Sfiecul keyboard available for the handicapped — factory direct. key tronrc * Apple II is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc. Suggested Retail Price: $298.00 To order Model KB-200 call Toll Free 1-800-262-6006 for the retailer closest to you. (7ani-3pni Pacific Time) Warranty information may be obtained, free of charge, by writing to the address below. ^ THE RESPONSIVE KEYBOARD COMPANY DEPT,E1 • PO. BOX 14687 • SPOKANE, WASHINGTON 99214 RETAILERS: For the Distributor in your area, call Toll Free 1-800-262-6006 Dept. D (7ann-3pm Pacific Time) Circle 51 1 on Reader Service card. Interaction - A Child's World by Brian J. Murphy Baby's First Computer Program T he other day, while holding my seven-month-old daughter Elizabeth on my knee and trying to test-play a game for an inCider re- view, the motion of my fingers across my Apple keyboard caught Eliza- beth's attention. She promptly joined in the fun, banging her little hand dovra on the keys. Like a good Daddy I didn't get an- gry with her, but shtfted my position so she couldn't play with the key- board while I was using it. But the in- cident opened up a whole new line of thou^t. Piaget, the Swiss child psycholo- gist, said that children are bom with a healthy curiosity that parents and schools tend to squelch. At first, all children want to probe, poke, taste, pound, tear and generally explore their environment, a trait which Pia- get believed we should encourage. Don't Touch the Computer! Consider now computer phobia, a fear of computers. Parents, fearful of damage to their systems, teach their children not to touch their precious machine. The fear of punishment and disapproval for touching the sys- tem may well carry over to school, making it more difficult for teachers 28 feider May 1984 to use computers effectively and jeo- pardizing your child's progress. Clearly, it is better for children to use computers early on, under con- trolled conditions. Since the earlier you start the better, here's a simple program. Baby's First Computer Program, I wrote and then tested with the assistance of my litde girl. How It Works Every time the baby strikes a char- acter key or the space bar, the com- puter clears the low-resolution color graphics screen and then fills it with a solid color. Even if you hit the same key repeatedly, the screen clears to black before the color appears, mak- ing the display flashy and exciting for baby. Each character key is coded for a specific color. The escape, return and arrow keys display black. The pro- gram uses a get routine to bypass the carriage return after each input, al- lowing baby to bang away at the keys and get a continuous light show. At first, I thought my seven- month-old girl would be unable to use the program, but she perked up the instant she saw the colors flashing on the screen. First she used the flat of her hand to make the colors change, but in time she actually used her index finger to depress individual keys. Benefits This program, for children seven months to three years old, demon- strates that the computer is all right to play with when an adult is supervis- ing. It also helps to teach cause and effect relationships. You can teach the alphabet and numbers by point- ing out which colors you get when you depress specific keys. But, best of all, the program provides entertain- ment for you and your baby, and that's the most important thing. After you've typed in the code (it takes about a half hour), simply type the command RUN. The program be- gins at once, without a title page. It is a continuous loop program and re- quires a reset to interrupt. Have ftmlB You can write to Brian Murphy and his daugh- ter at 133 Post Road, Fairfield, CT 06430. 498 GET 526 IF ft* 11 -p II THEN COLOR= 10 499 GR 527 IF ft* II Y *> THEN COLOR= 11 500 IF R$ "ft" THEN COLOR= 1 528 IF ft* •lyii THEN COLOR= 12 501 IF ft* "S" THEN COLOR= £ 529 IF ft* II J II THEN COLOR= 13 502 IF P* "D" THEN COLOR== 3 530 IF ft* II QH THEN COLOR= 14 503 IF HQ II THEN CQLOR= 5 532 IF ft* a pii THEN COLOR= 15 504 IF A* II p 11 THEN COLOR= 4 533 IF ft* tl ^ II THEN COLOR= 1 505 IF R« "H" THEN COLOR= & 534 IF ft* "2 " THEN COLOR= 2 50& IF II J.I THEN COLOR= 7 535 IF ft* 1.311 THEN COLOR= 3 507 IF A$ "K" THEN COLOR= a 536 IF ft* II ^11 THEN COLOR= 4 508 IF Q$ II ^ II THEN COLOR= 9 537 IF ft* sz "5" THEN COLOR= 5 509 IF P$ II . ti THEN COLORS 10 538 IF ft* "6" THEN COLORS 6 510 IF "X" THEN COLOR= 12 539 IF ft* II y H THEN COLORS 7 511 IF 11 2 II THEN COLOR= 11 540 IF ft* "8" THEN COLORS 8 51£ IF A$ HQ II THEN COLOR= 13 541 IF ft* H g II THEN COLOR= 9 513 IF Hy II THEN COLOR= 14 542 IF ft* "0" THEN COLOR= 10 514 IF ft* "B" THEN COLOR= 15 543 IF ft* I. a It • THEN COLOR= 11 516 IF ft* "N" THEN COLORS 1 544 IF ft* THEN COLOR== 12 517 IF ft* "M" THEN COLOR= 2 545 IF ft* II It THEN COLOR= 1 518 IF ft* "M" THEN COLOR= 3 1002 ZZ = 1 519 IF ft* 11 11 THEN COLOR= 4 1006 HLIN 36 ftT ZZ 520 IF ft* H tl THEN COLOR= 5 1008 ZZ = ZZ + 1 521 IF ft* It ^ II THEN COLOR= & 1010 IF ZZ < 40 THEN GOTO 10 522 IF ft* "Q" THEN COLOR= 7 06 523 IF ft* "W" THEN COLOR= 7 1011 PRINT II II 524 IF ft* II ^ H THEN COLORS 8 1012 GOTO 498 525 IF ft* "R" THEN COLOR== 9 Program Usting. May 1984 feider 29 BILL BUDGE: Pinball's All-Time High Scorer by Sam Whitmore D H^^^B ill Budge wants to be famous. m^^^ To many he already is. When Apple Computer s Steve Wozniak de- scribed Budges "Pinball Construction Set" as the best program ever written for an 8-bit computer, most micro- computer industry obser\^ers couldn*t help but notice this photogenic, 30- year-old manchild. "I don't want to just be famous," Budge says from his $200,000 home in Piedmont, California. "I want to write programs that will make me famous. I don't want to be recognized on the street, or be famous just for being famous. I just want to be respected for "1 want to write "1 just want to be "Apple wants me programs that will respected for to do MousePaInt make me famous." my craft" for the III. . ." 30 feider May 1984 my craft." Budge s reputation rests thus far on two top-seUing pinball programs. Shortly after leaving his job on Apple s Lisa project in 1981 Budge wrote "Raster Blaster," at that time a state- of-the-art adaption of pinball to the personal computer. In 1982 Budge signed up with Elec- tronic Arts (see related story) and cre- ated "Pinball Construction Set." This near-legendary program allows play- ers to construct their own pinball game using endless combinations of bump- ers, balls and flippers, and to define the game s physical properties like ac- tion (how fast the ball bounces around) and gravity (how fast gravity pulls the ball down). Budges coDeagues marveled at his ability to cram large amounts of com- puter instructions into an astonishingly small amount of memory. They were thunderstruck by the very idea of a "construction set" and the possibilities it presented. "The main reason everyone respects Bill Budge is because he's not arrogant or a braggart," says Electronic Arts president Trip Hawkins, himself a former Apple employee and a friend of Budge s. "Bill doesn't let it all go to his head, and he easily could." Budge likes to stay busy. He writes a monthly column for a computer maga- zine and periodically visits large na- tional retailers — as his Electronic Arts retainer specifies — to promote Elec- tronic Arts games. Last winter Apple Computer "bor- rowed" Budge, contracting him to adapt Macintosh's "MacPaint" graph- ics program to the Apple He and another Apple machine he declined to Write to Sam Whitmore at 1 Clinton Ave,, Danvers, MA 01923. 'Td rather "It's really a set of "1 admit they wont concentrate on the software have the payoff of Macintosh." development a video game. . ." tools." Mayl9S4 feider 31 specify (a new portable?). The new program, called "MousePaint," will be available later this year. "Bill Atkinson [author of MacPaint] already did most of the work for me," Budge says. "Getting it on the lie was more fun than anything else. Apple wants me to do MousePaint for the [Apple] III, which they say is shipping 2500 units a month. If that's the case, it probably would be worth it. "To tell you the truth," he says, "I'd rather concentrate on the Macintosh." Budge says he had a Mac months be- fore its official release, and that it was love at first sight. "The Macintosh gives every program a consistent user interface, so that if you learn one pro- gram, you're familiar with all the others. "The best part is that, as a program- mer, I no longer have to write the soft- ware that makes up that user interface. It's all in ROM. So twenty percent of the programmer's work is eliminated right off the bat." Budge will use the Mac to develop his next big project for Electronic Arts, which he describes as a "construction set construction set." "It's really a set of software develop- ment tools," he explains. "I suppose rU be sitting down with the marketing people to decide whether to release it as a product, or hang on to it and use it to develop even more products." When the project is completed, Budge explains, users will have at hand the technology to develop their own kinds of construction sets. For less-inventive users, Budge says he's working on ready-made model rocket- ry, dance, football play, office furni- ture, model train and roller coaster construction sets. "The problem is, you can't make a program too difficult for the average person to use," Budge says. "Playing with a construction set is a lot like playing with a programming lan- guage — some will be better at it than others. "AU I can say is that if [the construc- tion sets] are impossible for people to use, they won't come out. If I can sim- plify them enough, they will." What will these construction sets ac- tually do? "People can just play with them," Budge responds. "They'll be animation kits. I admit they won't "Twenty percent of "You can't make a "The Macintosh the programmer's work is program too difficult for tfie gives every program a eliminated. . average person consistent user to use" interface ..." 32 feider May 1984 have the payoff of a video game, but visually, they'll be much more ex- citing." In the future, he says, programs will incorporate "real world" knowledge. "For example, the Pinball Construc- tion Idt doesn't really do anything — it just simulates a world where you can build thing)s with bumpers and parts, but it doesn't ever try to tell you to do this or that," he says. "Programs gradually will become more and more interactive, until some day people will wake up and say, *Hey, these computers are pretty smart.' " They may be smart, but they won't be as smart as people. "Getting a com- puter to understand what you say is one thing," he says, "and getting it to understand what you mean is another." Relates Budge: "Not too long ago two Carnegie-Mellon scientists wrote a program to enable a computer to ana- lyze newspaper articles. To test it out they read it a story about the Pope's trip to a village ravaged by an earth- quake. Well, after assessing the story, the computer concluded that the Pope was injured by the earthquake, or had somehow caused it. So at this point, there's little danger of science creating dangerous new intelligences more powerful than our own. We're pro- tected from that by the difficulty of do- ing it." Budge, then, doesn't worry about the high-tech boogeyman — or much else, for that matter. He enjoys Leave It to Beaver, punk clothing and sci- ence fiction. His business is monkey business. "I hang out with the Macintosh peo- ple," he explains. "For fun we walk into an Apple dealership and ask the salesman all kinds of questions about the Mac. And Fll say, 'Hey, I hear the IBM PC is way better than this,' and then we watch em to see how they handle it . "Or other times I get talking to pi- rates, and the pirates will say, Teah, I have all of Budge's programs.' And I ask them how they did it, and they go on and on about how they did it — right to my face! Then I let diem know who they're talking to, and you should see their faces. It's great fun." Bill Budge is synonymous with fun. Long may he program. ■ "Then 1 let them "Programs "The Pinball know who they're talking to, and you gradually will become more Construction kit. . .simulates a should see and more world. . ." their faces" interactive. . May 1984 feider 33 ANNOUNCING the premiere of Learning to use your IBM PCjr becomes easy and fun with jr magazine. Because jr keeps things simple, the whole family will lecam and understand wfdle they enjoy themselves, jr will explain how the PQr works and guide you step-by-step in setting up your system. Most of all jr will answer your most important ques- tions month after month ... like • What can I use my PCjr for? jr magazine will teach you how to pre- pare household budgets, balance your checkbooks, do your taxes and organic schedules and lists. • What aibout fliie^Wl^ Frem Mndargmrte^ f® lege, jr helps the ki^l vdth educational programs in every subject area. • Are there more serious uses for PCjr? Yes! You'll waprme your own busing skills by learning about word processing, spreadsheets and graphics. • What about having fun with PCjr? Relax and enjoy all the latest games with your whole family. Plus: • What pragraffis should I choose for the PCjr? jr magazine wiU tell you what programs on the market will run on the PQr, and which ones won't. Plus what new programs are on the way. jr will evaluate them before you buy. Order your subscription to jr today and you'll get the special charter subscription rate of $14.§7, That's 25% off the basic subscription rate! Plus, with your pre-payment of check, American Express, Visa or Mastercard we'll send you a FREE issue making a total of 13 issues for $14.97. Take advantage of this incredible charter subscrip- tion offer. Mail the attached card, the coupon or call TOLL FREE 1-800-258-5473. In New Hampshire call 1-924-9471... TODAY! J XT For IBM's Home Computer Box 903 Famiingdale, NY 11737 Sign me up as a charter subscriber to jr. I understand that with prepayment of check or credit card I'll receive a FREE issue making a total of 13 issues for $14.97. Save $5.00 off the basic rate! • □ CHECK/MO DMC DAE □ VISA DBILLME Card# Signature Name Address _ City Jlxp. DateL _State^ _Zip_ Canada & Mexico $17.97, 1 year only, US funds drawn on US bank. FordgD Sutkce $34.97, 1 year only, US funds drawn on US bank. toniffi airmail, please inquire. Please allow 6-8 weeks for deliv^. Profile Electronic Arts Trip Hawkins has a successful game plan for his company. He has put the newest marketing together with the best pro^ammers. 'by Sam Whitmore Americans spent $2 billion on mi- crocomputer software in 1983, research says, and they'll spend close to $3 billion in 1984. That's a lot of cab- bage — almost as much as the reeord and tape industry takes in. Therefore, software companies that can build an identity, create interesting, useful pro- grams and market th^em intelligently are going to do very well. Electronic Arts can be one of those companies. "Electronic Arts believes in cherish- ing creative talent and good ideas," says president Trip Hawkins. "We're totally committed to independent thinkers who have ah obsession to cre- ate works of art." Now there's a word that's been beat- en to death — ^^art. "We really do be- lieve that what people like Bill Budge (see related story) do is an art form," asserts Hawkins. "We've tried to at- tract independent software artists who fit the mold. I'm talking about some- hody who needs creative freedom so strongly that they don't want to be an ^knployee of a company. It doesn't make any sense for a guy with Bill v&idge's talent to stop for a moment and think about manufacturing, pack- aging, distribution, manuals, mar- keting and those things. The whole idea of Electronic Arts was to set up a eempany that can get done all the ftings necessary for our artists to get their products to the world." This is not mere rhetoric. In only two years Hawkins has established for Electronic Arts a distinctively pack- ^ed ptoduct line, an equally distinc- tive marketing strategy and a repu- tation as a source of state-of-the-art programs. The ten Electronic Arts pro- grams available for the Apple II Une Bane packaged in laminated 10-inch ne0rd jackets replete with liner notes wkont the program, the artist and a bit about Electronic Arts itself . Their con- ^pmtional design allows the software packages to be displayed in record bins, which attract many millions of discretionary dollars annually. In computer stores, the programs are stocked in a slick chrome-and-plexi- glass display case that Hawkins calls "the gallery." To combat pilferage, the jackets don't contain the floppy disk, but the buyer can peruse the liner notes to judge whether the program is interesting. "Our intention was to encourage people to buy our products without re- quiring a demonstration," Hawkins says. 'We wanted to give a feeling k>x the product through the packaging." Electronic Arts brings the same in- novative spirit to its marketing. Soft- ware companies usually use distrib]u- tors to market tiidr wares. Bisferibut©^ buy products in bulk from manufac- turers, mark up the price and in turn resell the products to retail stores. Manufacturers choose this method be- cause they can giet cash for their prod- ucts quickly and can delegate to the distributor the responsibility of keep- ing retailers' shelves stocked. Daring to be DifE^ient Electronic Arts sells its software di- rectly to retailers, skipping the middle- man, Hawkins says this personal touch often transforms retailers into Elec- tronic Arts sales reps. "It's too expen- sive to advertise enough so that people will buy your software," he says. "You can't go on television and say, *Run out and buy Pinball Construction Set/ be- cause most people don't have a com- puter in the first place. So we try to show the retailers that we adhere to good business practices, that we have consistently good products and that we support those products with lots of merchandising. " In 1978, as an Apple employee, Hawkins watched his company pain- fully dissolve its relationships with six Electronic Arts president Trip Hawkins with Pinball ConstnicHon, Set. national distributors in order to inau- gurate its own 200-store dealer net- work. The move gravely wounded the distributors, who were raking in mil- lions. Three of the distributors sued Apple, and in the course of litigation neglected to pay Apple for the com- puters they already had bought. "It's more expensive and more trou- ble, but if you believe that you're going to be a big company, it's better to go direct from the start," Hawkins says. "Distributors are concerned most with turning over their inventory. By law they're not required to observe your suggested list price, and they tend to cherry pick,' which means they'll take only the top sellers of your product line. Things like that prevent us from fully defining what Electronic Arts has to offer." Hawkins says Electronic Arts takes an equally dim view of electronic dis- tribution firms like PC Telepaart of North Andover, Massachusitt and Xante Corp. of Tulsa, Oklahoma, the two early leaders in this fast-growdng industry. To become part of an elec- tronic distribution network, retail's install computer terminals in their stores. Customers use these terminals to order software from a central main- frame computer, which processes the order and transmits the desired soft- ware back to a floppy disk inside the retailer's terminal. Dot-matrix docu- mentation and generic packaging are provided at the point of sale. Write to Sam Whitmore at 1 Clinton At?e., Danvers, MA 01923. May 1984 ^ider 35 THESE COULD BE THE KEYS TO YOUR FUTURE Unlock aH the potential of your Commodore 64 and VIC-20* with RUN. Explore. . .Experiment. . .Enjoy. . . Beginner and expert alike will be taken beyond the manual to the limits of their abilities. Enter your own game programs. Construct a simple hardware add-on. Broaden your scope with unique applications. . .And. . .get a 13th issue FREE! Enjoy key features like these: • Games for fun & strategy. • Programming tips help you learn short cuts, v • Candid reviews help you make money-saving decisions. • Programs to add to your library. • Instructions & tutorials to increase your skills. • Hardware & software modifications help your machine work smart. • Unique applications broaden your scope. Here's a system-specific magazine written with you in mind. Written by and for the reader to give time-saving, money-saving hints. You'll get instruc- tions and tutorials to increase your skills, and candid reviews to help you make the right decisions. Most of ail though, you'll have fun. *Oommodom 64 and VIC-20 are re^tered trademarks of Commodore Business Machines, Inc. Commodore 64 and VIC-20 owners are one of the largest groups of computerists today. Enjoy the benefits of this with your own magazine. Be in con- trol like never before. Order RUN today and get a 13th issue free with your prepaid order (check or credit card) of only $19.97, Send in the coupon or call toll free 1-800^258-5473. In N.H. call 1-924-9471. Send me a subscription to RUN for the regular sub- scription price of only $19,97 per year. I understand that with payment enclosed or credit card order I will receive a FREE issue making a total of 13 issues for $19.97 UCHECKIMO DMC U AE □ VISA UBILLME card#_ . exp. date _ signature address _ city _state_ _zip_ Canada & Mexico $22.97; Foreign Surface $39.97, 1 year only, US funds drawn on US bank. Foreign airmail, please inquire. Please allow 6 to 8 weeks for delivery. RUN • Box 954 • Farmingdale, NY 11737 SfSFSj "We want no part of electronic dis- tribution," Trip Hawkins says. "I can't foresee retailea:^ forking out $15,000 to buy the machine and esveu more to keep it running, and I certainly can't see customers accepting the idea. I be- lieve that people like the idea of going to a store, taking a product off the shelf and buying it. Using electronic distri- bution for software is like going into a record store, inserting a blank cassette into a machine and waiting for the machine to record the album for you. Who wants to do that?" Slar Programs The real question should be: Is Elec- tronic Arts software worth seeking out? In a word, it depends. The com- pany does market unusual and enjoy- able computer games. (Read about "Pinball Construction Set*' in the ac- companying article.) "Dr. J and Larry Bird Go One-on-One," written by Eric Hammond, is an unsurpassed comput- er simulation that equips an offensive player and a defensive player (or the Apple itself) with the programmed abilities of those two basketball super- stars. **Wfli Harvey^s Music Construction S^' allows the user to arrange notes, Siarps, flats, rests and other musical symbols onto a staff and have the Ap- ple play that melody. Compositions can be saved to didc or imme<fidtely can be rearranged and played back. Music Construction Set can be fun for :both musicians — who can use it to iirrite their compositions— and for ihin old music appredators. One of these days Electronic Arts will market a program conceived by pop artist Gahan Wilson. The technol- 9^ to implement Wilson's bizarre ideas still hasirt mriv^, Hawkins reports, but Wilson remains optimis- tic, and the best minds in San Mateo li^ working on the project. ©therwise. Electronic Arts displays ■0 more character than most of its ri- vals. It does boast critically well-re- ceived arcade games like Archon and lf.U.L.E., but its children's educa- Wamal programs and 'liome manage- Meot" packages are mundane at best, fadeed, the better part of Electronic Arts' character rests in its image as star- lling machinery for its pro^am- "I think we're being misrepresented," Hawkins says. "Whai you go back and look at things Fve said or look at any of our advertisaiients, we don't use tiie word 'star' when we refer to our pro- grammers. We use the word *artist.' " Words aren't the issue; what Elec- tronic Arts really stands to gain is the ability tg) "'presell'' its prc^ams. Just as a book publisher counts on revenue from a famous author's forthcoming novel, soft- ware puhlishefs one day will bank on a famous programmer's fortfacomii^ pro- gram. Electronic Arts wants to create far gifted programmers the reputations they deserve, and then take those reputations and make a few bucks on them. That^ no mBm: Thatfs life in the big city, whidi ns^tmic Arts happens to make a litde bit caore enjoyable. ■ May 1984 ^ider 37 We'll support, service and warranty everything we sell and stand behind it 100%. We won't charge you for shipping or handling, nor will we penalize you for using a credit card Franklin Ace 1000 Franklin Ace 1200 QMS $1469.95 MONITORS Amdek 300 A $159.95 Amdek Color III + $369.95 Amdek Color 1 + 299.95 USI Pi 3 12" A 159.95 Armdek Color II ^ 439 95 USi Pi 4 9" A 145.95 1 MODEMS DC Hayes Novation Apple Cat II $279.95 Snnartnnodenn 300 $219.95 Prometheus Pro 1200 389,95 Smartmodem 1200 499.95 Anchor Mk. 7 1200 309.95 Micromodem He w/s 249.95 Anchor Volks 300 69.95 1 PERIPHERAL CARDS ALS Accel 1 orator II $429.95 Z80 CP/M 2.2 $124.95 Neptune 64k +80 199.95 Z80 CP/M 3.0 B1 28995 Neptune 128k +80 299 95 East Side Neptune 192k +80 379.95 Wildcard II 109.95 Synetix Koala Graphic Pad 84,95 Flashcard 144kb 309.95 Microsoft Flashcard 288k b ■ 44995 Z80 CP/M Softcard 229.95 Sprite 1 119.95 Premium Pack II + 459.95 "Sjarilell. 19995 Premfum Pack lie 339.9S Siipersprrte- • ; 30995 Titan Videx 32k Ram 174.95 Videoterm w/ss 22995 64k Ram 264.95 Uitraterm 27995 128k Ram_ . 354.95 Enhancer Jl 109.95 1 GRAPHIC INTERFACES & BUFFERS G rap pier + $135.95 Quadram 8k Fazer $139.95 w/16k 17995 Quadram 16k Fazer 159.95 w/32k 194.95 Quadram 32k Fazer 179.95 w/64k 22995 Quadram 64k Fazer 19495 PKASO IJ 135 95 Quadram 1?8k Fh/'t 274.95 Print-It 169.95 Fingerprint 119.95 HARD DISKS 1 Corvus 6mB Corvus llmB $1599.95 Corvus 20mB $2939.95 2199.95 Franklin lOmB 1599.95 PRINTERS DOT MATRIX C. ITOH 8510 $ 379.9S Gamlnl Radbc 1S$ «99.$5 C. ITDH 1550 609.95 Okid'ata 82A " ' 36995 Epson RX 80 31995 Okidata 83A 55995 Epson RX 60 F/T 399.95 Okidata 84 95995 Epson RX 100 559.95 Okidata 92 43995 Epson FX 80 539.95 Qkidata 93 69995 Epson FX 100 689.95 Tally MT 160L 619.95 Gemini lOx 28995 Tally MT 180L 809.95 Gemini 15x -409.95 Tally Spirit' . 319.95 Gemini Delta 10 459.95 Toshiba P1350 1599.95 Gemini Delta 15 559.95 Toshiba Pi 340 799.95 Gemini Radix 10 599.95 Transtar 315 Color 46995 1 LETTER QUALITY PRINTERS C. ITQH F10 40 $109995 NEC 2030 $809.95 C ITQH F10 55 139995 Silver 'Reed 500 41995 Dynax DX 15 449 95 Silver Reed 550 56995 Dai sy .', r 1 te r 2 000 4 8 k 999.95 Star PowerTVpe 379.95 1 FLOPPY DRIVES Rana Elite 1 163kb $279.95 Micro Sci A2 143kb $24995 Rana Elite 2 326kb 429.95 Micro Sci A40 164kb 28995 Rana Elite 3 652kb 53995 Micro Sci A70 286kb 34995 1 SOFTWARE AND ACCESSORIES 1 Bank Street Writer $ 49.95 PFS:Report $ 7995 Dollars & Sense 79 95 PFSGraph 7995 Graphics Magician 41.95 Sensible Speller IV 7995 Home Word 39.95 Screenwriter II 84 95 Home Accountant 4995 Typing Tutor '■ 19.95 Multjplan DOS 17995 Versaform 249.95 PFSWnte 79.95 Visicalc E 169.95- PFS:File 7995 Zork 1, 2 or 3 . , * 2995 Kensington s/sav .< 69.95 ■ TG Joy 4595 Math Blaster 39.95 TG Paddles 2995 Word Attack 3995 Kraft Joy 4595 Type Attack 2995 Kraft Paddles 2995 Think Tank 109.95 Flight Simulator II 39.95 The Dictionary 69.95 Master Type 29.95 The Lime 69.95 The Orange 99.95 BUSINESS COMPUTERS free OF PETERBOROUGH SHIPPING ^ J 12 School Street • Peterborough, NH 03458 ORDERS only: 800-845-3003 QUESTIONS: 603-924-9406 Parlez-vous francais? Well, our son Jerry hoped to, so he signed up for his first French course this year, and needed an easy way to practice the vocabulary. So we created Flashcards to make the practice fun and also to keep score. The program we created has three parts. FLASHCARDS presents word pairs in random order, keeps score and gives a second practice try after a miss. After a correct response, it beeps and offers a word of encouragement (the hurray words). LIST MAKER enables you to enter a list of word pairs, check them and save them. LIST EDITOR allows you to review a word list and make modifications. You can create a series of standard lists and save them as LSTl, LST2, . . . LSTIOO, for exam- ple, then refer to them by number to save time in reading them in. FLASHCARDS asks whether you want one of the up-to-100 standard lists or a list you have entered. After you specify the list, the computer reads 38 6ider May 1984 the text file and presents the words in random order. When you respond, the program beeps twice for a correct an- swer and displays a hurray word. An error brings one beep, the correct an- swer, and a chance to type the correct word to reinforce the correction. After each word pair, the score (number cor- rect out of number presented) is displayed. After the entire set of words, you will see the final score and percent correct. LIST MAKER is straightforward: You type the English word in the first column, press return, and type the French word in the second column. A "blank stripper" routine removes trail- ing blanks after an entered word. Ex- cess blanks in the middle of a word (for example, la maison instead of la maison) are not stripped, so be careful. After you have entered the list, the program steps through it asking for confirmation that each pair is correct. If so, enter Y; otherwise, enter any other letter to be prompted for the cor- rection. The neatest way we have found to distinguish between the familiar and formal you {tu vs. vous) or masculine and feminine they (ils vs. elles) is to add (f.) for familiar or feminine to the English word. Accents are not possible with the standard American character set on the Apple, so you may need con- ventions for them as well. We place the acute accent (|), grave accent (*), cedilla ($) and circumflex (^) imme- diately after the letter being accented. As mentioned, standard lists can be saved as LSTl, LST2, and so on, and then called up simply by asking for the appropriate number in FLASH- CARDS. If you have special lists, you can give them their own names, and enter a 0, return, "filename" to read them into the computer. Although the program wall accept Address correspondence to Peter A. Lachenbrtich and Jerry P. Lachenbrudi at 1939 Cdvin Ave., Iowa City, lA 52240, Education Flashcards Studying French? Learn the vocabulary by flipping these CRT flashcards^ by Peter A» Lachenbruch and Jerry P» Lachenbruch lists of up to 50 word pairs, 20 or 30 is a practical maximum. We have set up special practice lists that are 30 word pairs long, for studying conjugations of some verbs, but a list of unrelated words that long would be tough for beginners. One problem with flashcard prac- nce is that no two languages have a one-to-one relationship between words. For example, the French word a can ' liave many meanings depending on the oitext (to, by, and so on). The pro- ffam, meanwhile, requires a single ■eaning for each word. It would be possible to allow for multiple accept- able answers, but this would increase complexity of the program consid- wHy. . LIST EDITOR is a subset of LIST MAKER that enables you to read in a •Jfc and make modifications Mdthout FMntering the entire list. With this jdbprogram, you verify the correctness «f each word pair, changing the words I find incorrect. ■ Fnogram Ustmg, FLASHCARDS, induding List Maker and List Editor. 1 REM FRENCH FLASHCARDS PROGRAM 2 REM BY PETER A. LACHENBRUCH. COPYRIGHT JUNE1983 5 DIM CN$(10),EF$(2,50),A(50):D$ = CHR$ {4):G$ = CHR$ ( 7 ) : REM SET UP HURRAY ARRAY (CN) , VOCABULARY (EF) , PERMUTATI ON LIST (A) 10 HOME : VTAB 6: PRINT "YOU MAY CHOOSE: ": PRINT TAB ( 5);"1. PRACTICE FLASHCARDS": PRINT TAB { 5); "2. M AKE A LIST OF YOUR OWN": PRINT TAB ( 5); "3. EDIT AN OLD LIST": PRINT TAB ( 5)r"4, QUIT" 20 VTAB 15: CALL - 958: INPUT "YOUR CHOICE: " ; CH : IF INT (CH) < > CH OR CH < 1 OR CH > 4 THEN VTAB 21: PRINT 0$; "ENTER AN INTEGER BETWEEN 1 AND 4": GOSUB 5000: GOTO 20 30 ON CH GOSUB 1000,2000,3000,4000 40 GOTO 10 1000 REM FLASHCARD DRILL SUBPROGRAM Listing continued. May 1984 &ider 39 Circle 122 on Reader Service card. THE COMPLETE FULLSCREEN APPLESOFT EDITOR mm global search global replace line copy \ line move linedelefte text insert text delete complete renumber partial renumber hex-dec coffvert dec-hex convert cross reference list variable list reverse scrolling EDX/ABve. $69.95 Contact your dealer or order direct. (Visa and Master Charge orders accepted) Please add $2.50 tor stiipping and fiandling. EDX/AB'" is designed to work with APPLESOFT and ProDOS.' Please specify APPLE // or APPLE lie. TROY SOFTWARE DESIGN INC. 63 Roseview Avenue Richmond Hill, Ontario (—-^ Canada L4C1C6 i m (416) 884-4527 a ' ProDOS requires 64 K RAM and APPLESOFT in ROM. APPLE AND ProDOS are registered trademarks Lktmg continued. 1020 DATA "BRAVOi", "HURRAY! "GREAT 1 1", "WOW i 1 r',"NEAT NEAT NEAT", "SWELL '"/'TERRIFIC ! " , "CHIS MO I ","ATTA WAY BABE i", "SUPER MANi": REM HURRAY WOftDS 1030 FOR I » 1 TO 10: READ CN$ (l ) : NEXT 1040 HOME : VTAB 6: PRINT "WHICH LIST DO YOU WANT?"* PRINT : PRINT TAB{ 10);"0. MY OWN LIST": PRINT TAB( 1 0);"1. - 100. A STANDARD LIST": REM CHOOSE LISTS 1050 FI$ = "":FL$ « 1060 VTAB 10: PRINT : INPUT "YOUR CHOICE: ";N: IF N < OR N > 100 OR N < > INT (N) THEN PRINT G$;"E NTER A NUMBER BETWEEN AND 100": GOSUB 5000: VTAB 10: CALL - 958: GOTO 1060 1070 PRINT : IF N = THEN INPUT "ENTER NAME OF YOUR LIST: ";FI$: PRINT D$ ; "OPEN" ; FI$": PRINT D$;"READ '•?FI$! INPUT NP: FOR I = 1 TO 2 s FOR J 1 TO NP : INPUT EF$(I, J) t NEXT s NEXT : PRINT D$; "CLOSE" ;F 1$: GOTO 1090: REM RMD own MST 1080 FL$ = "LST" + STR$ (N) : PRINT D$ ? "OPEN" rFL$ : PRINT '■ D$;"READ "?PL$: INPUT fSPi FOR I - 1 TO 2 : FOR J = 1 TO HPS INPUT EF$(l,J)i NEXT i NEXT : PRINT D$;" cwm* twh$t mm mm h STANDARD htm 1190 SC = 0: HOME : VTAB 6: PRINT "DO YOU WANT TO. SLATE ": PRINT TAB( 10);"1. ENGLISH TO FRENCH*': PUlWlt TAB( 10); "2. FRENCH TO ENGLISH": PRINT 1100 INPUT "YOUR CHOICE: ";IC: IF IC < > INT (IC) OR IC < 1 OR IC > 2 THEN PRINT G$? "ENTER 1 OR 2": GOSUB 5000: GOTO 1090: REM CHOOSE DIRECTION OF TRANSLATION 1110 M = NPiIT - 3 - ICj OOSUB 1210: FOR I »« 1 TO NPs , : VTAB 6s PRINT "NUMBER COimECT- "ySC; SPC( Sh^O UT OF "yl - IsaJ » A{l)sTO ^ 0: REM RUNNING SCORE 1120 VTAB 8i CALL - 958s PRINT "WORDs ";EF$(lC,JJ)s PRINT t; INPUT ^^TRANSLATION! ";TR$: GOSUB 1190s IF TR$ = EP$(IT,JJ) THEN GOSUB 1180sSC ■ SC + 1 - TRt GOTO 1140s REM PRESENT WORD AND GET ANSWER 1130. PRINT s PRINT G$;^SORRY, THE ANSWER IS.*y^$ClT, JJ)s GOSUfi 5000: IP TR = THEN TR « is GOTO 1120 : REM ERROR, NOW PRACTICE THE WORD ' ^ . ' ^ 1140 NEXT USi0 «RINT s PRINT "PINAL SCORE "ySC;" OUT OF "yNPt ^RIHT : PRINT- INT ( (SC / NP) * 1000 + .5) / 10;" ENT": PRINT : PRINT "FILE N^ME "jFiS + FLf 1160 INPUT "DO YOU WANT TO C0»T1NUB (Y/wTf *y1f$f IF - ^EFT$ {Y$,l) = "Y" THEN 1040 1170 RETURN 1180 J = INT ( RND (1) * 10) + 1: VTAB 15: PRINT TAB( 10l|GN$(a)ia#?G^i FOR IL » 1 TO 10|J0« NEXT I HP^RN s . 1^ . .' • . . , RANDOM HURRAY WORD 1190 IF RIGHT$ (TR$,1) = " " THEN TR$ » MID$ (TRfyl ' . .'T ' ' , LEN (TR?) - l)s GOTO 1190: REM REMOVE ANY BLANKS PROM RIGHT OF WORD 1200 RETURN 1210 FOR I = 1 TO M:A{I) = I: NEXT :M1 = M:M2 = Ml - M + 1 * , 1220 FOR J * Ml TO M2 STEP - IsAB « INT ( RND (1) * J) + liTM = A(J)iA(J) = A(AB)sA4AB) * TMs NEXT : RETURN : REM GET A RANDOM PE^IMUTATION OF W^I^DS 2000 REM m ibiM M^r 1984 Lmtmg continued. LIST MAKER SEGMENT 2010 HOME : VTAB 6: PRINT "THIS PROGRAM MAKES LISTS O F PAIRS PRINT : PRINT "OF WORDS, THE NUMBER O F PAIRS MUST PRINT : PRINT "LESS THAN OR EQUAL TO 50" 2015 VTAB 12: CALL - 958: INPUT "HOW MANY PAIRS? ";N P; IF NP > 50 THEN VTAB 21: PRINT G$;"THE NUMBER OF PAIRS IS TOO LARGE": GOSUB 5000: GOTO 2015 2020 HOME : VTAB 5: PRINT "ENGLISH"; TAB ( 20); "FRENCH ": PRINT 2030 POKE 34,6: POKE 35,21: REM SET TOP AND BOTTOM OF SCREEN 2040 FOR I = 1 TO NP:VY = PEEK (37 ) + 1 : IF VY > 20 THEN VTAB 7:VY = 7: HTAB 1: CALL - 958 2050 PRINT I;". ";: INPUT EF$ ( 1 , I ) ; VTAB VY: HTAB 20: INPUT EF$(2,I) : NEXT 2060 POKE 34,5: HOME : VTAB 3: VTAB 6 2070 FOR I = 1 TO NP: PRINT I;". "rEF$(l,l)r TAB { 20) ;EF$(2,I): PRINT : REM PRINT WORD PAIRS 2080 INPUT "IF CORRECT ENTER Y: " ; Y$ : IF LEFT? {Y$,1 ) = "Y" THEN 2100 2090 INPUT "ENGLISH: ";EF$(1,I): INPUT "FRENCH: " ; EF$ (2,1): GOTO 2080: REM MAKE CHANGES 2100 NEXT 2110 INPUT "ENTER LIST NAME: ";FI$: PRINT D$;"OPEN";F 1$: PRINT D$; "DELETE" ;FI$ 2120 PRINT D$;"OPEN ";FI$: PRINT D$ ; "WRITE "; FI $ ; PRINT NP: FOR I = 1 TO 2: FOR J = 1 TO NP : PRINT EF$ ( I , J): NEXT : NEXT : PRINT D$ ; "CLOSE ";FI$: POKE 34, 0: POKE 3 5,24: REM WRITES # WORDS AND WORD LIST 2130 INPUT "DO YOU WANT TO MAKE ANOTHER LIST? " ; Y$ : IF LEFT$ (Y$,l) = "Y" THEN 2010 2140 RETURN 3000 REM LIST EDITOR - ALLOWS YOU TO CHANGE AN EXISTING LIST WITHOUT COMPLETELY RE-ENTERING IT 3 020 HOME : VTAB 6: PRINT "THIS PROGRAM ALLOWS YOU TO EDIT AN": PRINT : PRINT "EXISTING FLASHCARD FILE 3030 PRINT : INPUT "ENTER THE FILE NAME: ";FI$ 3040 PRINT D$:"OPEN ";FI$: PRINT D$ ; "READ" ; FI $ : INPUT NP: FOR I = 1 TO 2: FOR J = 1 TO NP: INPUT EF$(I, J) : NEXT : NEXT : PRINT D$ ; "CLOSE" ;FI$ 3050 PRINT "ENGLISH"; TAB ( 20); "FRENCH" 3060 FOR J = 1 TO NP 3070 PRINT EF$(l,J)r TAB{ 20 ) ; EF$ ( 2 , J ) : INPUT "TYPE Y IF OK: ";Y$: IF LEFT$ (Y$, 1) < > "Y" THEN GOSUB 3130: GOTO 3070 3080 W$ = EF$ ( 1, J) : GOSUB 3 1 40 : EF$ ( 1 , J ) = W$:W$ = EF$ ( 2, J): GOSUB 3 140 : EF$ { 2 , J ) = W$ : NEXT : REM STRIP BLANKS OFF RIGHT 3090 INPUT "SAME FILE NAME (Y/N)? " ; Y$ : IF LEFT$ (Y$ ,1) < > "Y" THEN INPUT "ENTER NEW FILE NAME: "; FI$ 3100 PRINT D$; "OPEN" ; FI$ : PRINT D$ ; "DELETE "; FI $ : PRINT D$ ; "OPEN" ;FI$: PRINT D? ; "WRITE "; FI$ : PRINT NP: FOR I = 1 TO 2: FOR J = 1 TO NP : PRINT EF$(l,J): NEXT : NEXT : PRINT D$ ; "CLOSE "; FI $ 3110 INPUT "MORE EDITING (Y/N)? " ; Y$ : IF LEFT$ (Y$,l ) = "Y" THEN 3020 3120 RETURN 3130 INPUT "ENGLISH: ";EF$(l,j): INPUT " FRENCH: ";E F$(2,J): RETURN 3140 IF RIGHT? (W?,l) = " " THEN W? = MID? {W?,l, LEN (W?) - 1): GOTO 3140 3160 RETURN : REM LINES 3140 TO 3160 ARE THE BLANK STRIPPER 4000 HOME : VTAB 6: PRINT "THANKS FOR TRYING THIS PRO GRAM, ": PRINT : PRINT "KEEP PRACTICING AND IT WI LL GET EASIER": END 5000 VTAB 24: PRINT "PRESS <<SPACE>> TO CONTINUE";: GET A?: VTAB 20: HTAB 1: CALL - 958: RETURN Circle 182 on Reader Service card. State-of-the-Art products, such as UltraTerm® our 128-column display card, providing more of what you need when you need it. □ Quality Each Videx Product is fully tested, TWICE, before it ever reaches your computer. That's why Videoterm has the best tracic record in the business. □ Ask your Dealers and friends! Quick, Competent help, just a phone call away, has made Videx the recognized leader in customer support. □ Excellence Videx...lt all adds up...for YOU! You can't buy better products to enhance the power and ease-of-use of your personal computer. For More Information Call us at (503)758-0521 1105 N.E. CIRCLE BLVD CORVALLIS, OR 97330 V J May 1984 feider 41 Tutorial — — ^Hunting the Elusive ASCII Join us on an adventure into the deepest recesses of screen coding! Are you intrepid enough to discover the true nature of ASCII? Some of us are cursed with the need to know how things work. From time to time we snag on some detail and can't rest until weVe tracked the answer to its lair. IVe just come back from such a safari. Been hunting ASCII, And here's my trip report. ASCII in General What's so elusive about ASCII? Most people know that the abbrevia- tion stands for American Standard Code for Information /nterchange. Computers handle only numbers; let- ters must be turned into numbers to be recognized. ASCII is the aonvention for assigning numerical values to typo- graphical symbols. The whole business is rather straightforward — or so it -by Arsen Damay- seems. I became intrigued when I no- ticed that two different ASCII codes produce the same result. Take the letter *A,' for instance. The commands PRINT CHR$(65) and PRINT CHR$(193) will both produce an A on screen. But if you compare them to one another, they behave like different let- ters. Type CHR$(65) = CHR$(193) and press return. Apple will return a zero. It thinks that the statement is fake. Your eyes show you the same letter A. I wondered what was going on, and that was my point of departure. So let's take a closer look at ASCII. The standard code assigns the values from 0-127 to 128 control characters and typographical symbols (see Fig. 1). If you place one of these values into the CHR$(X) command in Basic you will see the corresponding symbol on- screen. Yet Apple also permits you to use a higher set of numbers — from 128 to 255. Thus, ASCII 7 and 135 will both produce the bell. Both return control-G, in other words. The dif- ference between them must be on the level of bits and bytes. If you look at the number 127, you will discover that it's the highest value that the first seven bits of a byte can produce: Bit Number 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Bit Value 64 + 32+ 16 + 8 + 4 + 2+1 Add up the values shown, and you Write to Arsen /. Damay at 23 W, St. Albam Road, Hopkins, MN 55343. have 127 or, in binary notation, 01111111. The conventional ASCII notation, in other words, uses only the first seven bits of a byte; it leaves the eighth or highest bit free. Now let's compare the two kinds of A that Apple recognizes. At the level of a byte, the situation looks like this: ASCII 65 01000001 ASCII 193 11000001 The two values are identical in all ways but one. In the ASCII 193 ver- sion, the high bit is set. The high bit is worth 128 (64 x 2), and 65 + 128 = 193. As you noodle around with these two representations of A inside the Ap- ple, you'll discover that Basic holds let- ters in lower ASCII (0-127), whereas the Apple itself, for purposes of dis- play, converts the values to higher ASCII (128-255). Enter the following program: 100 HOME 120 FOR 1=0 TO 127 130 PRINT CHR$(I); 140 NEXT What you will get when you run this program will depend on your Apple or how it is equipped. 'Out of the crate' Apple IFs and II Pluses will not pro- duce the lowercase letters nor certain other symbols on-screen. The He will. In place of the lowercase letters, the II and II Plus will start over again with the space, !, ", and § sequence. The control characters won't show up, al- though you'll hear control-G (ASCII 7) beeping. If you modify line 120 in this exam- Figure 1. Standard ASCII character codes. STANDARD ASCI i CHARACTER CODES Tradi t . )ec i fTta 1 Hex Key Name < 1 > Fu n c t i on *00 CTRL-3 NULL 1 *0 1 CTRL-A SOH 2 *02 CTRL-B STX 3 *03 CTRL-C ETX Stop RunninQ Program 4 *04 CTRL-D ET DOS Flag 5 to 5 CTRL-E ENQ 6 *06 CTRL-F ACK 7 t07 CTRL-G BEL Bel 1 8 SO 8 CTRL-H BS Backspace, Left Arrow 9 %09 CTRL-I HT Tab 10 *0A CTRL -J LF Linefeed, Down Arrow ( 1 1 *0B CTRL-K Up Arrow (lie) 12 *0C CTRL-L FF Form Feed 1 3 *0D CTRL-M CR RETURN 1 4 %0E CTRL-N SO 1 5 *0F CTRL-0 SI 1 6 tl CTRL-P DLE 1 7 tl 1 CTRL-Q DCl 18 *1 2 CTRL-R DC2 19 *13 CTRL-S DCS Stop listing program 20 *1 4 CTRL-T DC4 21 *15 CTRL-U NAK R i gh t Arrow 22 *1 6 CTRL-U SYN 23 *1 7 CTRL-UJ ETB 24 *18 CTRL-X CAN Cancel Line 25 *19 CTRL-Y EM 26 *1A CTRL-2 SUB 27 *1B ESC ESC 28 *1C None FS 29 *1D None GS 30 *1E None RS 31 tlF None US 32 *20 SPACE 33 *21 34 *22 35 t23 36 %24 37 %25 y. 38 %26 39 %27 40 %2B <1) As used in Telecommunications. Figjure continued. May 1984 &ider 43 Figure continued. Decimal Hexadecimal Key Dec i ma 1 — • Hexadec i mal Key 4 1 *2? > 85 *55 U 42 *2A 86 ♦56 43 *2B + 87 ♦57 w 44 *2C 88 S58 X 45 *2D 89 *59 Y 4 6 S2E 90 ♦5A z 47 *2F / 91 *5B [ 48 ■$30 92 ♦5C \ 4 9 *3 1 1 93 ♦5D ] 50 *32 2 94 *5E 5 \ %33 3 95 *5F - %34 4 9^ %60 space ( 2> 5 3 *35 5 97 %6l a 54 *36 6 98 ♦62 b 55 *37 7 99 ♦63 c 56 *3S 8 1 ♦64 d 57 *39 9 101 ♦65 e 58 S3A 1 2 ♦66 i 59 *3B i 03 ♦67 9 60 S3C I 4 ♦68 h 6 1 *3D 1 05 ♦69 i 62 *3E > 1 06 ♦6A J 63 ^3F 'I 10 7 ♦68 k 64 S4D » 10 8 ♦6C 1 65 ^41 A 10 9 ♦6D m 66 $42 B 110 ♦6E n 67 *43 C 111 ♦6F o 68 *44 D 1 1 2 ♦70 P 69 *45 E 113 ♦71 ^ 70 *46 F 114 ♦72 r 71 *47 G 1 1 5 ♦73 72 *48 H 1 1 6 ♦74 73 *49 I 1 17 ♦75 u 74 *4A J 118 ♦76 V 75 *4B K 119 ♦77 w Figure continued. pie to read FOR I = 128 TO 255, you'll get the same result. The Apple treats the ASCII values, plus 128, the same way as it treats the ASCII values them- selves. Modify these programs so that they vdll print to your printer, and you will notice that this time even the Apple II and II Plus are producing lowercase letters. These models of the Apple don't have lowercase fonts, but your printer does. And with that we'll have to go a little deeper into the jungle. Fonts Why Apple uses 'higher ASCII for its internal purposes is linked to its modes of forming letters for presenta- tion on the screen. The image on the screen is generat- ed directly by hardware. The Apple sends a stream of bits to the video out- put; the bits are displayed on the screen. Those set to are blank; those iircte 373 on Reader Service card. INCREASE MICROCOMPUTER EFFICIENCY IntroVoice allows you to speak to your microcomputer and increase your efficiency. IntroVoice runs any application program on the Apple II® series or Franklin® computer and features: • Reduces Data Entry Errors • Reduces Application Software Training • No Typing Skills Required • Combination Voice And Keyboard Operates When Hands Or Eyes Are Busy FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION CALL OR WRITE: Voice Kfi Machine Coirnnunications 1000 South Grand Avenue, Santa Ana, CA 92705 Telephone: In California - 71 4-541-0454 or Outside California - 1 -800-821 -2226 ® Trademark MasterCard and Visa Accepto set to 1 show up as tiny dots. A blank screen meam that all bits sent to the screen are zero. The signal is sent to the screen of 280 dots across and 192 lines of dots from top to bottom. That 280 X 192 matrix is probably familiar to you from high-resolution graphics. How does Apple know what bits to send to the screen? It looks in specific areas of memory such as the text page, which consists of 1,024 locations (from 1024 to 2047— that coincidence of page length and starting address is just that, coincidence). Of these locations, only 960 are used for display. The number comes from 40 columns times 24 lines. For every on-screen spot, memory holds one byte. It s by reading this byte that Apple knows what to display. Each position on the screen is made up of 56 dots: 280 divided by 40 yields 7, 192 divided by 24 yields 8, and 7 times 8 is 56. Thus, each character on 76 *4C L 120 %7B X 77 *4D M 121 *79 y 78 *4E N 122 *7A z 79 *4F 123 *7B { 80 *50 P 124 *7C I ^1 *51 Q 125 > R 83 *53 S 127 *7F Delete 84 *54 T <2) On the lie, this produces a left-leaning s i r>g1 e quote <") screen (and the spaces that separate it from other characters) must be ishown by 56 separate bits. However, one byte holds only eight bits! How can one byte in the Text Page memory produce 56 bits on screen? Here is where char- acter fbttts come into play. Fonts in the Apple are groupings of bytes in read-only memory. One group of eight bytes makes up a letter. The best way to illustrate this is with a pic- ture of the letta: A encoded in bj^. Do you see the shape of the A? The character 'block' consists of eight lines and seven columns. The letter itself is within a 5 X 7 matrix, leaving room on both sides and the top so that the letters won't *fuse' into each other. 0000000 byte value: 0001000 8 0010100 ,20 0100010 34 0100010 34 0111110 62 0100010 34 0100010 34 Since each pattern requires eight bytes and seven bits per byte, Apple must find eight bytes stored some- where in memory to display a letter. If the lowercase 'a' is not stored some- A^ere, it cannot be produced. On the II and II Plus (unless modified), the following pattern is not in memory and hence won't show on-screen: Circle 162 on Reader Service card. Circle t39 on Reader Service card. Afun and exciting Bible educational gome! Our No. 1 seller Is now better than ever! VERSION 3.0 now supports multiple choice questions, has improved Hi-Res graphics and sound, and more[ • For 2 to 20 players • 60 question /answer set included • gives correct answers and scriptural reference when a question is missed • easily create, add, and edit your own question / answer sets For Apple tl+, lie* 48k WITH DISK DRIVE Accepted '25.' 00 Add $1.50 Shipping Plus Handling Order now and get the free game "BIBLETRATION!" DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED J & M SOFTWARE P.O. Box 2132 Athens, Texas 75751 (214)675-8479 Dept. C Disks ore not locked *APPLE is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc. PORTFOLIO "From beginning to end, it gleams with quality" SOFTALK, December 1983 Every now and then, a program comes along that *does it all/ Take the one that IBM^owners are m proud of. You know, the program they paid $500 for. Well now, there*s this new program called PORTFOLIO, designed for the Apple® computer. it*s so revolutionary, we don't even know what to call it. "Simulation doesn't begin to do this one justice. Calling it a game is an insult. Educational? Too dry. Part of a new era of software spanning all of the above? Even that doesn*t go far enough." -SOFTWARE REVIEW February 1984 Apple owners, go ask your local dealer about PORTFOLIO. Dealers, if you haven't seen PORTFOLIO, it's about time you did. FLEXIBLE SOFTWARE 804 - 979-0973 134-10 Ivy Drive, Charlottesville, Virginia 22901 0000000 0000000 QOOOOOO 0011000 0000100 0011100 0100100 0011010 On the Apple He the pattern is in memory and hence shows. (Trace over this pattern with a pen, and the shape will emerge.) Here is how a character appears on-scxeen: (1) Apple scans through the text page memory; (2) it interprets the one-byte values it finds there; (3) it fetches eight bytes from ROM for every screen position; (4) it sends them to tfie video output in a stream of bits; (5) characters appear on-screen; and (6) the process starts all over again. This happens many times eadi sec- ond; each time, 280 x 192 or 53,760 bits rush to the screen, each bit either on or off. The Apple's character gener- ator, in effect, performs much like a plotting program. It places bright or dark dots on-screen based on codes stored in the text area of memory. Let s say that the letter A is typed as tihe first cfaaiacfar on top of the screen. The first location of li^ text memory vdll hold the one-byte value of 193 ($C1 in hexadecimal). Why the value is 193 rather than 65 wiU emerge by- and-by. Suffice it to say here that that code, 193, will generate signals hdd in dght bytes of a character font. Those values will be 0, 8, 20, 34, 34, 62, 34, and 34. Those signals will produce a block of dots, some off, some on, form- ing a 7 X 8 matrix at the extreme up- per left hand of the screen. One byte of text page memory triggers the auto- matic cUsplay of dgjht bytes of display. Text Vexsus CnqfUcs If text is printed to a screen that is Circle 404 on Reader Service card. SAVE BIG ON COMPUTER PRODUCTS HAYES Smartmodwn 300 . 809 Smartmodem 1200 489 Smartmodem ISOOB 425 Micromodem HE , , 240 Smarteom II Software [far IBM PCI 90 NOVATION J Cat 300B drect 99 103 SmMtCat 3006 Smart 159 103/S12 Smart aoanaOO S 379 ApplaCat n 300 baud for Apfjle 200 218 ApplaCat 300/1200B for Apple 390 Oyaan 1-2-3 1200B for IBM MONITORS GORILLA 379 seoo .94.00 18" Oraan. 18"/ 12 • K6-iaN [avail 120 12" KG-12N-UY (amber) RGB vision III 499 AMDFK V300G 12' greer 13Q V300A ^2'^ amber 145 V310A 13" amber (for IBM] 160 Colorl* 13" composite ...280 Color II 13" RGB 425 Cotor IV 13 ■ RGB analog 740 Monitor C«bl«« RA400 for TI-g9/4A or Commodore . . .15 QUADRAM MICROFAZEfl QRMP-B Par/Par ..tSB ' QRMSP-a Ser/Par 145 QRMMSS-8 Ser/Ser 145 QRMPS-8 Par/Ser 145 QUADBOARD ttor IBM PC] OR5064 S4K . 270 QR4064 84K .270 QUADUNK OR 3000 for IBM -.475 QR 3010 for Compaq 475 OR 3020 for Cotumbia 475 OR 8201 Quadcolor-I 200 OR 8202 Quadcolor-2 ( upgrade Wt). .200 a Ram 80 — BO col card tor Apple lie 115 DISKETTES 10 - 5Vi" Floppy Diskettes (packed with a storage box] SS/SD SS/DD OS/ DO Sig S22.S0 S30 NA 2700 39 MA 2700 39 10 — 8" floppy diskettes fsjA 36 00 42 PRINTERS HEWLETT-PACKARD CALCULATORS HP-11C 70 HP-15C HP-12C 90 HP-ISC HP^IC 145 HP41CX «M1CV 200 HP-97 aiBOto»iiBre& 90 245 POmAeUCOMPl/TERS HP-71B 399 HP-75 719 m GRAPPLER PLUS 16K BUFFERED GRAPPLER Apple Oumpling Cardco G 10 ft. Par Cable for IBM 10 ft 36x38 Parallel 10 ft 35x25 RS-232 Y Cable [for TI-99/4A] 6.tt . TI-gg/4A paralle l cable 13x16 printer stand for 80 col, printers) 16x22 printer stand [heavy duty] Trrniendous Discounts OMiini 10X 87S SmiM 15X.....400 IMfea iO 380 III ilXS0....275 Paper — 100D Sheet Pack 9'/? X 11 white. 20 lb. 91% X 11 green bar. 30 lb 9»x 11 trim edge, 20 1b ^ X 11 creen by. 20 lb . Panasonic 1090 . 275 Most models IN STOCK of DIABLO • TTX MAIMIMESMANN TALLY CALL FOR PRICES R^ibon Cartndees fcr Ipson 80 cd for ^on 132 cd for Mann. Tally 160 for Mann. Tally 180 for MT. Spint 80 for Panasonic 1090 for Diablo Hytype II . . . . for C Itoh Starwrrter Twin spool ribbons for Gemmi 10/10X. 15/15X. Okidaca 80. 82. 83 6 for 15.00 or 12 for 24.0D 7 11 14 7 50 6.50 5 5 CALL TOLL FREE 800-621-1269 except imnoi», Alaska, HawH Cera. Aecta. I iHii. Mta. M Smm MMpVtrtor Visa by mail or phone. Mail CasNer's Check. Mon. Ord.. Pens. Check [2 S4.00 l5t itemJMC, iCMlii QiMteaiiMMM mmm] Sl.OO ea. add'l shra. & handl. Shipments to IL address add 7% to change VOTHTttar fSeurtilii. RCTIMM POUCVI D a tan iiii Only: MoM proSw^ r ap lM a j ^wtehln 30 d^afpurelwai mTchandiM only. Coiwpufr mm Ito» p e ri e l iarele replaced i " * j-^. - l«m. covarsd by mfr. warreitty. jUJEUlt-TlK MlWCttMII 2 wks. to dr.] Add ' tax. Prices sub) gff purehaee with idsnticai of purchas*). Othar prob- 100 REM HI RES AS 1 02 104 REM DEMONSTRATES HOW TO 106 REM MAKE A SMALL LETTER 108 REM ON THE HIGH RES 110 REM SCREEN • 112 • 200 HGR 210 P = 8 1 92 220 FOR K = 1 TO 2 240 FOR I = TO 7168 STEP 1024 250 RE^D H 240 POKE P I , N 270 NEXT I 280 P = P + 1 290 NEXT K 300 RESTORE 310 I F P < 3iy2 + 40 1 nc.N 320 END 330 s 340 DATA ,OfO|129l6,28,18i44 350 DATA f 6 , 20 1 34 , 34 , 62 1 34 , 34 360 • 370 REM 8192 IS START OF 380 KLn TLJC LJT_DCrC CnDCCTKJ THE Hl-Rbo bUKtcN ■ 390 REM ^CH LINE OF DOTS 400 REM F0i<MlNO R LETTER 41 REM IS 81 rZ ♦ 1DZ4 420 REM nEMORY LUCATION& 430 REM APART . 440 REM 450 REM IN LINE 280 1 oItZ 460 REM T e t ikif^DeiwiBKn*Bn cn 1 9 lNvrC[3ierlTev ou 470 REM TUAiT TUC MBVT TMRl I Mt NCA 1 480 REM CHARACTER CRN BE 490 REM rRINTcD. IHIb lo 500 REM nnKic An ttmcc crnD 51 REM r^Mc 1 T Kir nc uNt LINE Or 520 REM LETTERS . 530 REM 540 REM DATA IN LINc 340 550 REM MAKE THE SMALL 560 REM A. LINE 350 FORMS 570 REM THE CAPITAL A. 580 REM THE LETTERS MUST BE 5?D REM 'BACKWARDS- TO COME 600 REM OUT RIGHT' ! Pmgffwn Mng. HI RES A"s. organized exactly like the hi^-resolu- tion graphics output, why can't we write on the hi-res page or, conversely, plot on the text page? The high resolu- tion page is *bit mapped,* whereas the text page is not In the hi-res mode, eight times more memory locations must be programmed to create a screenful of display than in the text mode. In text, you put one value into memory (the ASCII code number — 1^ hitting a key or otherwise) and ct^ bytes come back automatically. In hi- res, the same result will require put- ting eight values into memory first. You can write letters on the hi-res page if you caie to code them in, ei^ dot- lines per letter. In hi-res, one byte of memory con- trols seven dots on the screen. (The d^th bit is not shown; it's used to coda for color.) One dot-line across the screen is 280 dote wide; 280 -5- 7 = 40; 40 bytes are required for one very nar- row part of the screen. We have 192 dot-lines to plot. So 40 x 192 or 7,680 bytes are needed to paint a graphics Circle 208 on Reader Service card. screen. That compares with 960 bytes for a screen of words. (The block of memory dedicated to a graphics page is actually 8,192 bytes long, but not all bytes are used for on-screen display.) The program HI RES A's — see Pro- gram listings — will print a line of al- ternating lowercase and capital As on your hi-res screen and might give you the impetus for some hunting of your own. Screen ASCn Now that we understand the ter- ritory a litde better, let s plod into the deepest part — screen ASCII. The Apple can generate normal, in- verted, and flashing characters. To produce these symbols, the computer has to have a code in the appropriate location of the text page memory. Each location is only one byte. How, then, will the Apple know whether you want normal, inverse, or flashing display? That one byte, after all, must hold this information. Applets de^gners have solved this problem by producing three special variants on the ASCII code. They use 256 values to encode three character codes, as follows: • 0-63 are used for mverted char- acters. Bits 7 and 8 are always off (set to zero). •64-127 are used for flashing display. Bit 7 is always on, bit 8 is stiQ off. • 128-255 are for normal display. Bit 8 is always on. The maximum value that six bits can produce is 63. This limits the num- ber of characters that can be coded to 64—0 plus the other 63. Sixty-four *spots* are just sufficient to produce the uppercase alphabet, the numerals, and the main typographical symbols. The inverse screen code begins with the ampersand— it has the value of 0; A is 1, B is 2, and so on up to the ques- tion mark at 63. The flashing screen code begins at 64 with tiie ampersand; A is 65, B is 66, etc. The series goes to 127 (the question mark). Notice what has happened. The conventional ASCII sequence (0-127) has been split in half. Where the con- trol characters used to be, we now have inverted letters. The numerals and typographical marks are still standard Height Apple Compatible $1 75 High Quality Half Height Appl^ Compatible $1 85 AP-100-A2-in-1 $469 AP-100-B Full Height $239 AP-IOO-C Slim Line $239 Atlas 8 Direct Drive $1 99 HARDWARE FOR APPLE LIST OUR PRICE PRICE Controller Card {dual) $ 79 $ 45 16K Ram Card 79 42 z-eo Card 185 69 80 Column Card 229 85 Cooling Fan w/Surge Protection and Dual Outlets 69 39 Joystick 49 Computer Case Similar to 11+ 149 59 Replacement Keyboard 149 69 Case w/Numerical Keys 329 ie>9 Switching Power Si^iply 110 64 RS 232 Cafd 159 69 Parallel Printer Card w/Cabie 149 55 Power Strip w/Surge Protectii on 6 Outlets 59 23 ADVANCED L06IC SYSTEMS Dispatcher 139 129 CPM Card 399 309 ZCard II 169 139 Smartorm II 179 149 CALIFORNIA GOMPIITEII SVSTEiS Clock/Calendar 120 95 CORVUS 6 Meg. Disk System 2,195 1.689 1 1 Meg. Disk System 2,995 2.289 20 Meg.Disk System 3,995 2.995 DAN PAYMAR/ENHANGEWAH LCA-1 37.50 35 LCA-2 27.50 24 EASTSIDE SOFTWARE Wildcard 109,95 89 Wildcard II 139.95 105 ELECTRONIC PROTECTION DEVICES The Lime 89.50 72 The Orange 139.95 105 ENTEI CliniTEi Sweet'P Ptotter 695 479 INNOVATIVE CONCEPTS Flip 'n File 29.95 23 Flip 'n File 50 39.95 29 KENSIMfinN MICRQWARE System Saver Fan 89.95 69 KOALA TECNNSLMIES Koala Pad w/Mlcrolllustratorl 24.95 79 KflAFT Joystick 64.95 49 Paddles 49.95 39 LIST OUR LIST OUR PRICE PRICE PRICE PRICE MICROSOFT OKIDATA Softcard 345 239 Mtcroline 82A $549 $349 Softcard Premium System 695 465 Microline 92P 699 479 Premium Sottcard lie 495 369 STAR MICRONICS Softcard Plus System 645 449 Gemini 10X 399 279 MICROTEK Gemini 15X 549 419 Dumpling-GX 159 109 10X 4 K Serial 119 95 64 K Ram Card 379 152 10X4K Buffer 99 89 128K Ram Card 479 219 T0SKI8A MOUNTAIN COMPUTER INC. PI 350 w/ Parallel Interface 2,195 1,599 Music System w/Sottware 395 299 TR AN STAR The Clock 280 219 T315 Color Printer 599 485 0RAN6E MICRO PICS Apple Inteffsce 119.95 95 Grappler + 175 119 120P 599 489 Buffered Grappler + Buffertward 239 175 169 139 MONITORS PERSONAL COMPUTER PRODUCTS AMDEK Applt-Gard4MH2/64K V300 12" Green 179 142 Memory 295 225 V300A 12" Amber 199 152 Appli-Card 6MHz/64K Memory 375 Color 1+ 399 305 285 Color 11+ 559 435 PRATICAL PERIPHERALS NEC 16K Micro Buffer II 199 149 JB 1260 12" Green 149.95 115 32K Micro Buffer II 219 165 JB 1205M (A) 12" 210 169 SWEET MICRO SYSTEMS SANYO M«kingboard 124,95 92 1 2" Hi Res Green 145 109 SYNETIX SYSTEMS 9" Mi Res Green 175 139 Supersprite w/3 Diskettes 454.95 319 13 MedResCdtor 795 649 TITAN SYSTEMS TAXAN 32K Ram Card 219 165 1 2" Amber 190 135 64K Ram Card 259 1 2" Green 180 125 64KR3m+80Col. 249 189 RGB Vision 1 399 315 Accelerator II 599 459 RGB Vision III 699 499 VIDEX Ultraterm 379 269 MODEMS Vtdeoterm 279 195 HAYES 80 CoL-f- Soft Switch 309 239 Smartmodem 1 200 699 489 Enhancer II 149 115 Micromodem He (New) 329 249 Function Strip 79 65 Smartcom 1 (Apple) 119 89 Vlsicalc Preboot 49 39 Chronograph NOVATION 249 199 PRINTERS CAT Accoustic 300 169 149 Call for DTices on Diabia IDS and NEC J- CAT 149 109 103 Smart CAT 249 169 IRBTIER 103/212 Smart CAT 595 396 HR-15P 599 459 212 Auto CAT 695 549 HR-25P 995 749 .Apple CAT 11 389 249 MANNESMAN TALLY 212 Apple CAT Upgrade Kit 389 315 Spirit 80 3P9 299 SOFTWARE MT-160L 798 609 MT-180L 1.098 845 Please call for current listing ^ v^To order or for FREE catalog, Phone^^ t^<* 31 2-355-9726 If you don t see what you need, call us...we probably have it. We accept check, money order. VISA or Mastercard (include # and expiration date). Please add 2% for credit card purchase. Illinois residents add 6.26% sales tax. Personal and company checks allow 2 weeks to clear. Prices subject to change without notice. Free shipping applies only to Continental U.S. MICRO CITY P.O. Box 571 • Downers Grove, IL 60515 MasterCafd 1 May 1984 &ider 47 Screen Apple II, 11+ Apple lie Code Pr imary Al tern ate Number Set Set Insure against disk loss witti Back It Up 10" — 31 Uppercase Inverse Uppercase Inverse Uppercase Inverse 32- 63 Spec i al I n(.^er se Spec i al I nver se Special Inversft 64- 95 Uppercase Flash Uppercase Flash Uppercase Inverse 1 '57 TO \ £.f Sp e c i a 1 F 1 ash Spec i al Fl ash 1 "iSk— 1 Control Char acta Uppercase Normal J ^0-1 91 Special .Norinal Special Normal Special Normal 192-223 Uppercase Normal Uppercase Normal Uppercase Normal 224-255 Special Normal Lowercase Normal Lowercase Normal Notesi No lowercase at No 1 owercase No Flash in any all un 1 ess Inverse or mode. Giues spec j al 1 X Fl ash i ng Inverse 1 aver- , equipped. mode s . case . 'Special' means typographical marks, math operators, and the numerals. V VkQxm 2. Screen codes pF Apple II Plus, and lie. Screen Command Memory On Screen PRINT CHR$(65) $C1 (193) A PRINT CHR$(193) $C1 (193) A INVERSE: PRINT CHR$(65) $01 (1) Inverted A INVERSE: PRINT CHR$(193) $01 (1) Inverted A FLASH: PRINT CHR$(65) $41 (65) Flashing A FLASH: PRINT CHR$(193) $41 (65) Flashing A NORMAL: PRINT "A" $C1 (193) A Figure 3. Rdatkmskips behveen screen code and ASCII code. Want to make back-up copies of all that valuable software you purchased for your Apple computer? BACK IT UP lit helps you do it quickly and easily. Think of it as low-cost insurance for your disk library. BACK IT UP III enables you to copy almost every kind of "protected" disk. You'll find BACK IT UP III on invaluable addition to your library, even if you already own another nibble copy program or a "copy card!' In fact, the combination of BACK IT UP 111 an.d a "copy cord" is almost unbeatable! Standard features that tiove mode Back It Up 11+ a bestseller include: 1) automatic half-tracking, 2) preserving nibble counts, 3) synchronizing tracks, 4) Quick Scon disk previewing, 5) d^kette erasing, 6) Automatic decoding of "unreadable" tracks, 7) Nibble reader for in-depftti analysis of unusual disk formats, and 8) a oompretiensive se* of optionoi parameter changes ollovwng BACK IT UP III to copy new protection schemes as they ore introduced. Exclusive new features include: an auto- matic decode option for "4 x 4 encoded" tracks with on optional checksunvverification of the copy, an improved automatic decode option for DOS-sectored tracks; a disk speed check that gives the same answers as Apple's dealer diagnostics, and a disk drive quality test. Ottier new advantages include a disk certification test and the ability to automatically detect and reproduce "synchronization" bytes using an automatic '"bit insertion" technique. BACK IT UP HI can even convert some half-track programs for use on Micro-Sci disk drives. BACK IT UP III is also the only nibble-copy pro- gram that gives you a comprehensive tutorial on nibble copying and protection techniques and instructions for repairing "blown" disks, Use it with Apple lie, Apple II + or Apple-compatible computers. Two disk drives recommended. Important Notice: This product is intended SOLELY for the computerist who desires to take advantage ot his lego! right (under federal copyright law) to make archival copies of computer programs that he has purchased. Protect your investment in expensive software products with the powerful one-BACK ITUPIII! Available for only $74.95 from: Sensible Sof tujore. Inc. 24011 Seneca Oak Park, Ml 48237 (313) 399-8877 Visa, Master Card, checks and COD welcome. Please add $125 for postage and handling. where they are in the standard code, but inverted. Where the uppercase let- ters should be, we now have flashing capitals; and in place of the lowercase letters we have flashing numerals and typographical symbols (see Figure 2). By sacrificing the control characters (which you dorft need to see anyway) and the lowercase letfcers, we get two sets of symbols, inverted and flashing, out of seven bits. The third screen code is for normal display. Here the eighth bit is always on; the range ^ctends from 128 to 255. The control characters (128-159) gen- erally don't appear; the visible se- quence begins with the space, !,",# se- ries; the ampersand is 192, A is 193, B is 194, and so on. A normal A is always coded as 193 for display pur- poses — even if you give it to the ma- chine as 65, as in PRINT CHR$(65). Keeg ia mind that this is screen code. You can't type PRINT CHR$(l) and ex- pect to get an inverse A (I thought 1 could and learned otherwise). But if you say INVERSE: PRINT CHR$(65), the sorem memory will hold ^ 1. Figure 3 shows the relationship. The eight-bit limit on screen coding is the reason why no Apple displays flashing lowercase letters. The byte has no room to flag that condition. Inverse and Flash How are inverse and flash created? Refer back to the diagram in the text of the A made of zetoes and ones, and imagine that letter Inverted.' Ones replace zeroes, and zeroes ones. That's inverse. To *print' an inverse char- acter, the Apple doesn't need a special font. It just 'flips' the image when it encounters the INVERSE command. The flashing display is merely the very rapid shifidng betwem the normal and the inveatse mode, made possible because the screen is oontinuaily *re- freshed.' The character generator is al- ways sending signals to the video, and when the FLASH code is in a memory location, inverse and normal transmis- sions alternate. Know more about ASCII than you ever wanted to know? I'm sorry. For some of us, hunting is such a passion that we can't rest until the trophy is tamely hanging above the fireplace. ■ 48 6ider May 1984 TAKE ^^^HB Circle 156 on Reader Service card. BREAK! /^R^ NA/ITH IMlGI-n- /WISSIOIM You deserve the best. You've earned it. Now reward yourself wrth a session of Night Mission PINBALL, the most realist ic and challenging arcade simulation ever conceived! ■ Stunning graphics and dazzling -T-"-"^ sound effects put Night Mission PINBALL in a class by itself. Game features: multi- I V [(j^j ii in ; ballandmulti-playercapabilities,tendifferentprofessionally designed levels of play, P J ^ J f' ^" editor that lets you create your own custom modes. ■ So take a break with i^' P ^ f Night Mission PINBALL from SubLOGIC. Winner of eec/ron/cGa/nes magazine's A 1983 Arcade Award for Best Computer AudioA^isual Effects. See your dealer . . . or write or call for more information. For direct orders please add $1 .50 for shipping and specify UPS or first class mail delivery. Illinois residents add 5% sales tax. American Express, Diner's Club, MasterCard, and Visa accepted. Order Line: 800/637-4983 LOGIC Oorporation 713 Edgebrook Drive Champaign IL 61820 (217) 359-8482 Telex: 206995 Graphics Title Slides Without Peer Follow this doctor's orders to design and produce unique title sequences for your slide shows. by Kenneth A. Deitcher, M.D. To make my slide programs more professional and interesting, I use an Apple II Plus and a Gibson light pen to generate slide titles. My system has 64K of memory, two disk drives, and a standard 18-inch color television set. The Gibson LP II allows you to draw a black and white image directly on the color monitor screen. In the edit mode, you can correct irregularities of the freehand drawing, deleting or add- ing black or white pixels and saving the completed drawing. The final im- age is saved to the disk by touching the pen to the appropriate spot on the screen and typing the name given to your drawing. The images can be drawn symmetri- cally in the vertical or the horizontal axis or both to create a frame in which to insert text for a title. A touch of the pen fills the design in the frame with color. Over 100 color patterns are in- cluded on the disk and you can design your own patterns with a program called Penpainter. The only require- ment for a good design is to make sure all lines are complete. If any gaps exist, the color will run into other areas. You can add or change color pat- terns any number of times, then your completed picture can be saved and photographed. I keep all my initial un- colored drawings on a separate disk in case I want to make a different color design in the future. Once a drawing is colored in, no further manipulation can be carried out with the light pen, I use several graphic programs to Dr. Kenneth A. Deitcher creates his master- pieces at 3 Lockrow Aue., Box 5162, Albany, NY 12205. Introducing MACWORLD The Macintosh Magazine The Exciting New Magazine for the World's Most Creative Personal Computer — the Macintosh At Special Charter Subscriber Rates Save Up to 54% Off the Newsstand Price* (*when you subscribe for 3 years) Personal computing took a giant leap into the future when Apple introduced the Macintosh. We've created Macworld as your passport into this incredible new realm of computing. Each issue w^e'll bring you everything you need to explore and get the most out of \x)ur Macintosh. From the latest product news to innovative business appli- cations, from amazing graphics to personal productivity tools and games, each issue of Macworld will be packed with interesting, practi- cal, readable information written by skilled, perceptive writers. Each month well be creating a Macworld community sharing ideas, problems, and creative solutions while we explore the world of Macin- tosh together. So w^hy take a chance on missing a single exciting issue? For a lim- ited time only you can subscribe to Macworld at special Charter Subscriber rates of only ^ $24 for 1 year (12 issues) That's a savings of 20% off the regular $30 subscription rate and 50% off the newsstand price! And you can save even more by subscribing for 2 or 3 years at Special Charter Rates. Don't Wait . . . Subscribe Today and Save! Call Toll-Free 800/247-5470 (in lov^^a 800/532-1272) Macworld Subscription Department P.O. Box 20500 Bergenfield, New Jersey 07621 I ACCEPT! Please send me Macworld, the Macintosh magazine. □ Please Bill Me □ Payment Enclosed □ Please Charge my □ MasterCard □ Visa Card # Exp. Date . Interbank # (mc only) . Signature . Please Send Me: □ 12 issues/ S24 □ 24 issues/ «46 □ 36 issues/ S66 Name . Address . City, State, Zip Subscriptions begin with the next available issue. Please allow 6-8 weeks for delivery of your first issue. Outside the U.S. subscriptions must be prepaid in U.S. funds. Outside the U.S. and Canada add *12 per year additional postage for surface mail and S6() per year for airmail. Allow an additional 4 weeks for delivery by foreign surface mail. This offer expires July 31, 1984. .MM006') modify and add various sized and font styles, in colors, to the title slide. I use Rainbow Writer by Personal Soft- ware, Alpha Plot, and Apple Mechan- ic with Typefaces, all by Beagle Brothers. Rainbow Writer lets you enter text anywhere on your slide in eight sizes and colors. Alpha Plot draws lines, circles and rectangles within your frame, and shifts and merges several images. Apple Mechan- ic and Typefaces add over 30 different font styles. The average time to make a slide is 15 minutes. The slide titles, when com- plete, are saved to disk. At this point, I photograph my creation on 35mm col- or slide film. The camera I use is a Canon Al with a 70-210mm macro- zoom lens set on macro mode. The camera is placed on a tripod approxi- mately two feet from the color mon- itor. I use daylight color slide film (I prefer Fujichrome with an ASA of 100). I set my lens aperture at f22 and set my camera on programmed aper- ture-preferred mode. This allows the camera to select the appropriate speed The author using the Gibson light pen. for the f-stop. In this case, the speed is usually around 1/15 to 1/30 second, and at this speed I get no scanning lines. The exposure is made in a com- pletely darkened room to avoid reflec- tions. The best photographs are ob- tained from slides with a black back- ground, and, to get deeper color saturation, 1 underexpose the film slighdy. Using a 36-frame roll of color slide film with some bracketing, the cost of a slide is approximately 50 to 75 cents, including processing and mounting. ■ 52 &ider May 1984 The camera is ready to photograph the drawing on the video screen. When you're ready to add disk drives to your system, pick them carefully. Get all the options you need, but don't pay for features you'll never use. Vbu get that flexibility in Microsci SVa" floppy disk drives. Choose from a selection that includes everything from a beginner's first add-on to large capacity, high-speed subsys- tems right for the busiest office environment. Mfcrosci's Model A2 is a superbly crafted 35-track drive which is completely compatible with all Apple II® and lie® hardware and software. The A2 features a jumper- selectable boot PROM and a price tag our competitors envy. Just right for the budget<onscious consumerf Attention programmers and word processors! You need no longer sacrifice pre-packaged software compatibility in favor of large storage when you buy a floppy disk drive for your Apple II or He. The Model A82 from Microsci combines a full 328K capacity— more than twice the speed of a Disk II®— with the ability to read standard 35-track software. Apple III® owners will appreciate the Model A3. It offers all the features and benefits of the Disk IIP at a fraaion of the price. Ideal as a second drive! At 286K, Microsci's Model A73 provides Apple III users with twice the capacity of the Disk ill; and, it plugs right in to the built-in controller — no extra boards or power cord required! The king of all Apple<ompatible drives is the Microsci Model A143, the largest SV4" floppy disk storage system available for the Apple III. 572K storage capacity and 5msec access time make A143's both cost-effective primary storage and powerful back-up devices. One option you'll never see on a Microsci drive is a princely price tag — we control your costs as carefully as we control our quality. So drive carefully to your nearest com- puter center for a demonstration of Microsci craftsmanship and quality. Do it today! DRIVE CAREFULLY. ®App)e II, Apple lie, Apple IN, Disk II and Disk III are registered trademarks of Apple Computer Co. /j-sa MrCROSCI A STAN DUN CO, Circle 371 on Reader Service card. 2158 SOUTH HATHAWAY STREET • SANTA ANA, CALIFORNIA 92705 • (714) 241-5600 • TELEX: 910-346-6739 Game- Stack Attack From scratch paper to fogged-up glass to your computer screen, the enduring popularity of ttck-tack-toe enters the fourth dunension. -by Subu Magge- . tack Attack (Listing 1) is a hi-res k-/ strategy game pitting you against your computer to place four markers in any row, column, or diagonal of a 4-by-4-by-4 cube. White Xs indicate computer moves and your moves show up as red O s. You'll have to think sev- eral moves ahead if you want to win agidnst the computer's strat^. Winning Ck)mbinations The "game board" has 64 numbered ''squares^ (Figure 1), stoned in the array Lmvml 1 £U 2 3 ^47 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 /13/ 14 15 A&7 Lmvml 2 17 IS 19 20 21 /22 23/ 24 25 /2& 27/ 28 29 30 31 32 Level 3 33 34 35 36 37 /aa 39/ 40 41 /42; 43/44 45 46 47 48 Level 4 Ai7 50 51 /52/ 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 /6l7 62 63 /6T7 Bgmml, Concepkud view of the gjame board tMi ''goo^ moves indkxtted. X(64). If you occupy a square, the cor- responding square number in this ar- ray has a value of 1. The quantity of -.3 indicates a computer square. There are 76 possible combinations for winning moves. The computer stones the combinations in M(76,4); the first Ant/ questions can be directed to Subu Magge at 9875 Fox Hallow Lane, CmdnnaU, OH 45243. 54 6ider May 1964 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430 440 450 460 470 Lktmgl. Stack Attadc. REM SUBU MAGGE REM JANUARY 9, 1984 REM STACK ATTACK REM REM ^— HOME TAB( 14) "STACK ATTACK" . TAB( 14)" " TAB( 19) "BY" TAB( 15) "SUBU MAGGE** TAB( 19) "ON" TAB{ 12)"JAmJARY 9, 1984" ' THIS GAME IS PLAYED IN A 4X4X4 " CUBE. YOU MUST TRY TO PLACE FOUR MARK-" ERS IN ANY ROW, COLUMN, OR DIAGONAL IN " ANY OF THE THREE PLANES. TO ENTER YOUR" MOVE, YOU MUST TYPE IN THE BOARD LEVEL," ROW, AND COLUMN IN THAT ORDER SEPARATED" BY COMMAS. YOUR MOVES WILL BE INDICATED" BY AN 'O' AND MINE WILL BE INDICATED BY" AN 'X'. ALTHOUGH YOU ARE DOOMED TO LOSE" I WISH YOU GOOD LUCK — ^YOU WILL NEED ITl" PRESS ANY KEY TO CONTINUE "f PRINT PRINT PRINT PRINT PRINT PRINT PRINT PRINT PRINT PRINT PRINT PRINT PRINT PRINT PRINT PRINT PRINT PRINT PRINT PRINT PRINT GET 00$ LET DOS$ LET 2=0 TEXT HOME PRINT "DO YOU WISH TO GO FIRST "j GET AN?: PRINT AN$ IF AN$ = "Y" OR AN$ » "N" THEN 430 INVERSE GOSUB 4560 PRINT "INCORRECT ANSWER— TYPE 'Y* OR NORMAL PRINT GOTO 330 REM EXECUTE SUBROUTINE TO READY BOARD AND DIMENSIO N VARIABLES GOSUB 2570 REM RESET INDICATOR THAT TELLS IF PLAYING REPEATED LY LET Z = 1 IF LEFT$ (AN$tl) < > "N" THEN 490 LET D = 2 LkUug amibmed. CHR$ (4) •N* Circle 284 on Reader Service card. LisHng confirmed. 480 490 500 510 520 530 540 550 560 570 580 590 600 610 620 630 640 650 660 670 680 690 700 710 720 730 740 750 760 770 780 790 800 810 820 830 840 850 860 870 880 890 900 910 920 930 940 950 960 970 980 990 1000 1010 1020 1030 1040 1050 1060 1070 1080 1090 1100 1110 1120 1130 1140 1150 1160 1170 GOTO 2330 PRINT "ENTER MOVE (LEV, ROW, COL) — > INPUT A,B,C IF (A = 1 OR A = 2 OR A = 3 OR A = 4) AND (B =^ 1 OR B = 2 OR B = 3 OR B = 4) AND (C « 1 OR C = 2 OR C = 3 OR C - 4) THEN 580 INVERSE GOSUB 4560 PRINT "MOVE IS INCORRECT — PLEASE RETYPE" NORMAL GOTO 490 REM REDEFINE MOVE AS SQUARE NUMBER (1-64) LET SO = 16 * A + 4 * B + C - 20 REM TEST IF SQUARE IS OCCUPIED IF X(SQ) = THEN 670 INVERSE GOSUB 4560 PRINT "THAT SQUARE IS ALREADY PILLED — TRY AGAIN"? NORMAL GOTO 490 REM MARK SQUARE AS FILLED LET X(SQ) = 1 REM SET SHAPE NUMBER/COLOR AND GOTO SUBROUTINE TO PLOT MOVE LET D = 1 HCOLOR= 5 GOSUB 4420 REM RESET LET D = 2 HCOLOR= 3 REM SHAPE NUMBER AND COLOR REM LOOP TO ADD UP TOTALS OF EACH WINNING COMBINAT ION FOR G = 1 TO 76 LET L(G) = X(M(G,1)) + X(M(G,2)) + X(M(G,3)) + X(M{ G,4)) REM TEST IF PLAYER WINS IF L(G) < > 4 THEN 930 HOME : VTAB 21 GOSUB 4560: GOSUB 4560: SPEED= 100 PRINT "CONGRATULATIONS! 1 — YOU'VE DONE THE IMPO SSIBLE~YOU WIN WITH THESE MOVES; " SPEED= 255 FOR J = 1 TO 4 GOSUB 4500 PRINT A; " , " ; B ; " , " ; C ; " NEXT J PRINT "WANT TO PLAY ANOTHER GAME "; INPUT PA$ IF LEFT$ (PA$,1) = "Y" THEN 310 HOME : VTAB 21: PRINT "THANKS FOR THE GOOD GAMEU 1" : END NEXT G REM ' : REM LOOP TO SEE IF COMPUTER HAS WINNING MOVE FOR G = 1 TO 76 IF L(G) > - .8 THEN 1190 REM LOOP TO FIND OPEN SQUARE FOR J = 1 TO 4 IF X{M(G,J)) < > THEN 1180 GOSUB 4500 REM DRAW MOVE . GOSUB 4420 HOME : VTAB 21 GOSUB 4560: GOSUB 4560: SPEED= 100 PRINT "TOUGH LUCK 1 ! i I MOVE TO PRINT A; " , '* ;B; " , " ;C; " AND WIN AS FOLLOWS:" REM LOOP TO PRINT WINNING MOVES FOR J = 1 TO 4 GOSUB 4500 PRINT A;","?B;",";C?" NEXT J SPEED= 255 PRINT "WANT TO PLAY ANOTHER GAME "; INPUT PA$ IF LEFT$ (PA$,1) » "Y" THEN 310 HOME : VTAB 21: PRINT "THANKS FOR THE GOOD GAMElll " : END Lintmg conUnued. THE BVTE 3 Sierks Lane • Roslyn Harbor, NY 11576 24 Hour Order Line Orders: 516-625-0920 Technical: 516-484-6391 Apple lie Starter System Include^: Apple lie 64k, Drive w/Controller Apple lie Monitor w/Tilt Screen 80 Column Card, Tutorial Diskette Monitor Stand. ONLY $1295.00 Printers: Prowrlter 8510a Gemini 10X Okidata 92m1 Prowriter Ribbons $345.00 $269.95 $425.00 $ 7.00 Modems: Micromodem lie w/Term $239.95 Hayes 300 Smartmodem $1 99.95 Hayes 1200 Smartmodem $469.95 Novation J-Cat Modem $100.00 Novation Applecat II $249.95 Apple Disk Drives: Apple Disk Controller Card $ 55.00 Rana Elite I Disk Drive $255.00 Shugart 40trk Disk Drive $1 99.95 Slimline 40trk (Direct Drive)$1 99.95 Slimline 40trk (Belt Driven) $199.95 DislfeUes: Elephant #1 SS/SD Soft $ 15.95 Elephant #2 SS/DD Soft $ 18.95 Apple Add-ons: MFC Parallel Card/Cable $ 55.00 MPC 64k 80 Column Card lie $109.00 CCS Serial Card $109.00 Kensington System Saver Fan $ 65.00 Wildcard Copy Device $ 92.00 Wildcard II Plus $135.00 ALS CP/M Card $289.95 ALS ZCard II $199.95 Videx Videoterm (80 Col.) $179.95 Videx Videoterm Combo Pack $209.95 Videx Ultraterm (160 Col.) $250.00 Kraft Joystick $ 34.95 Koala Graphics Tablet $ 78.00 Orange Micro Grappler + $119.00 Orange Micro Buffered Grappler $175.00 9y2"X11" Printer Paper Laser Edges $ 28.95 DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED TERMS OF SALE: There is a 3% charge for Master Card or Visa. When ordering, please add the following amounts for ship- pirtg: Di^^ti^^ Hmimre — $i.Oa per order. Personal checks - allow two weeks for bank clearance. NY State Residents add 8.25% Sales Tax. Prices and terms are subject to cliange without notice. May 1984 dicier 55 M(76^4) Table listing ocndbtoilim to dwd^-- quenoe of square nmnlMn. Y(16) Array of square numbers tcUing best ponflble X(64) Array that tells if square is filled L(76) Array that indicates what is in a combination PB(76) Array to tell if a player block deserves remark AN$ Tells who moves first DOS$ CHR$(4)— To access disk I Index of loops that set initial amy values A Levd part of move B Row part of move C Column part of move SQ Square number (1-64) of move D Shape number to be drawn (I for player, 2 for ooinputer) G liKlk of loop timt"ai!d^ up the values £ot PA| Tdb if player wants to play again J InieK of loop that prints winning moves K Index of loop to see if oompuler cm win U Index of loop to see if compute ^lould Uodc T Index of loops that find empty square of a combination W Index of loop to move to combination with 2 in it Q Index of loop to find best possible move H Index of loop that sees if there is a draw Z Indicator to see whether game is be^ flayed for fini time AA Index of loop that flashes moves P % Pointer to a comment NO Index of loop for bell BB Indes of loop to see tf player ImsbloGlBBd To&fe. VsriMm. oombinatiop is itoted as a i Listing continued. 1180 NEXT J 1190 NEXT 1200 REM 121€ REH nST IF PIAYER HAS ^BLOCKED A WINHXlfG MOVE 1220 FOR X - 1 -TO 76 1230 IF L(X) < > ( - ,3 + - .3 + - .3 + 1) THEIT 1360 TEST IF BLOCK MADE IN A PREVIOUS MOVE IF PB(X) = 1 THEN 1360 REM 1240 1250 1260 LET PB(X) = 1 1270 LET P% » RND (1) * 5 + 1 1280 mom t VTAB 21 1290 GOSUB 4560 1300 OH PI GOTO 1310,1320,1330,1340^350 1310 PRINT "YOU CLEVE%'POXI i i I'LL GET YOU YETUi"f GOTO 1390 1320 PRINT "PRETTY 8BARP BUT I'LL GOT YOU SO«iU"f GOTO 1390 1330 PRINT "THINK YOU'RE CLEVER HUH? YOU JUST HAITI"! GOTO 1390 1340 PRINT "AT LEAST YOU'RE KEEPING THE GAME CLOSEl"t GOTO 1390 1350 PRINT "YOU'RE JUST DELAYING THE INEVITABLE! 1 1 " t GOTO 1390 1360 NEXT X 1370 REM 1380 REM LOOP TO SEE IF COMPUTER NEEDS TO BLOCK 1390 FOR G = 1 TO 76 1400 IF L(G) < > 3 THEN 1630 1410 REM LOOP TO FIND OPEN SQUARE 1420 FOR J = 1 TO 4 1430 IF X(M(G,J)) = THEN 1460 1440 NEXT J 1450 REM SET SUBROUTINE VARIABLES AND EXECUTE TO FIND ABC 1460 G08UB 4500 1470 HOME t VTAB 21 1480 GOSUB 4560 dimension is the combination number and the second determines the square number in die sequence. In each winning square combina- tion, the computer adds the numbers in the X array for each square in the combinations stored in M(7%4). The computer stores this number in tbe ar- ray L(7€) ; die dimensions oarrespond to the combination number in M(76,4). The L array indicates how many squares are occupied by whom in each of the 76 winning combinations. Thus, if the fourth combination, M(4), had two of your markers and one of the computers, L(4) would equal 1.7 ( ~ .3 + 1 + 1). Consult the table for a further "You'H have to think several moves ahead if you want to win against the computer's strategy/' listing of the variables and their functions. The computer moves by checking several priorities in a specific order in- dicated by the values in the L array. The process begins with a test of whether you have won by checking if any value in the L array is 4. If not, the computer seaidies for a wimdng move, indicated by a value of - .9 in the L array. If not, it then checks to see if you have three in a combination, sig- nified by a 3 for any L array value, a condition that dofnands an immediate block. If this proves false, the comput- er tries to find a combination contain- ing only two of its markers, indicated by an L array value of - .6, in order to place a third If it finds none, the oompute for two combinations, each w two of your markers, sharing i cupied square. By filling d square, tlie computer preve Circle 304 on Reader Service card. Liatbtg continued. 1490 1500 1510 1520 1530 1540 1550 1560 1570 1580 1590 1600 1610 1620 1630 1640 1650 1660 1670 1680 1690 1700 1710 1720 1730 1740 1750 1760 1770 1780 1790 1800 1810 J.820 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070 2080 2090 2100 2110 2120 2130 2140 2150 LET P% = 5 * RND (1) + 1 ON P% GOTO 1510,1520,1530,1540,1550 PRINT "THINK YOU'RE CLEVER DON'T YOU?": GOTO 1560 PRINT "YOU'VE GOT TO DO BETTER THAN THATll": GOTO 1560 PRINT 1560 PRINT PRINT PRINT REM "YOU'VE GOT TO BE REAL FAST TO BEAT ME I 1 " : "TRYING TO OUT-FOX ME, HUHlIl"; GOTO 1560 "WHILE THE SUN SHINES YOU CAN'T BEAT ME!" "I MOVE TO BLOCK YOU AT " ?A; " , " ;B; ", " ;C DRAW MOVE GOTO GOSUB 4420 REM STORE MOVE LET X(M(G, J) ) = - .3 REM RESTART PROCESS GOTO 490 NEXT G REM • REM LOOP TO SEE FOR G = 1 TO 76 IF L(G) < > REM FOR J = 1 TO IF X(M(G, J) ) IF 2 IN ROW FOR COMPUTER .6 THEN 1820 LOOP TO FIND AN OPEN SQUARE 3 < > THEN 1810 REM SET SUBROUTINE VARIABLES AND FIND A,B,C GOSUB 4500 REM DRAW SHAPE GOSUB 4420 HOME : VTAB 21 PRINT "I SHALL MOVE TO " ; A; " , " ; B ; " , " ; C REM STORE MOVE LET X(M(G,Jn = - .3 REM RESTART PROCESS GOTO 490 NEXT J NEXT G REM — ^- REM SEE IF PLAYER HAS 2 MARKERS IN 2 COMB WITH CO MMON SQUARE LET E = FOR X = 1 TO 76 IF L(X) < > 2 THEN 1900 LET E = E + 1 LET K{E) = X NEXT X IF E < 2 THEN 2170 REM LOOPS TO COMPARE THE COMBINATIONS TO EACH OTH ER FOR N » 1 TO E - 1 FDR O = N + 1 TO E REM LOOPS TO FIND COMMON SQUARE FOR J = 1 TO 4 FOR G a 1 TO 4 IP M(K(N),J) = M(K(0),G) THEN 2030 NEXT G NEXT J GOTO 2130 REM IF SQUARE NOT OPEN KEEP CHECKING IF X{M(K(N),J)) < > THEN 2130 REM SET SUBROUTINE VARIABLES AND FINO A,B#C LET G = K(N) GOSUB 4500 HOME : VTAB 21 PRINT "HA HA... I KNOW WHAT YOU'RE UP TOli": PRINT "I MOVE TO ";A;",";B;",";C REM DRAW MOVE GOSUB 4420 LET X(M(K(N),J)) GOTO 490 NEXT O NEXT N REM = - .3 2160 REM LOOP TO SEE IF THERE IS A DRAW 2170 FOR H = 1 TO 64 2180 IF X(H) = THEN 2330 2190 NEXT H 2200 REM ALL SQUARES ARE FULL WITHOUT A WINNER IMngconihmed. THE STATISTICS SERIES FLEXIBLE • ACCURATE EASY-TO-USE Human Systems Dynamics programs are used by leading universities and medical centers. Any pragram that doesn't suit your needs can be returned within 10 days for full refund. Designed for use with Apple II 48K, 1 or 2 Disk Drives, 3.3 DOS, ROM Applesoft. REGRESS I I *150 *200 Complete Multiple Regression Series Stepwise, Simultaneous Solutions Forward, Backward Solutions Auto Power Polynomial Solutions Data Smoothing, Transfonnations Connelation and Covariance Matrices Residuals Analysis, Partial Oorrslation Research Data Base Management Count, Search, Sort, Review/Edit Add, Delete, Merge Files Curve Fit. Hi-Res X-Y Plot STATS PLUS Complete General Statistics Package Research Data Base Management Count, Search, Sort, Review/Edit Add, Delete, Merge Files Compute Data Fields, Create Subfiles Produce Hi-Res Bargraphs, Plots 1 - 5 Way Crosstabuiation Deso'lptive Statistics for All Fields Chi-Square. Fisher Exact, Signed Ranks Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, Rank Sum Friedman Anova by Ranks 10 Data Transformations Frequency Distribution Correlation Matrix, 2 Way Anova r, Rho, Tau, Partial Correlation 3 Variable Regression, 3 t-Tests ANOVA II *150 Complete Analysis of Variance Package Analysis of Covariance, Randomized Designs Repeated Measures, Split Plot Designs 1 to 5 Factors, 2 to 36 Levels Per Factor Equal N or Unequal N, Anova Table Descriptive Statistics, Marginal Means Cell Sums of Squares, Data RIe Creation Data Review/ Edit, Data Transformations File Combinations, All Interactions Tested High Resolution Mean Plots, Bargraphs HUMAN SySTEMS DYNAMICS ToOreler— Call (213) 993-8536 or Write HUMAN SYSTEMS DYNAMICS 9010 Reseda Blvd. Suite 222 Northridge. CA 91324 Dealer Inquiries Invited H May 1^ ^ider 57 2210 2220 2230 2240 2250 2260 2270 2280 2290 2300 2310 2320 2330 2340 2350 2360 2370 2380 2390 2400 2410 2420 2430 2440 2450 2460 2470 2480 2490 2500 2510 2520 2530 HOME : VTAB 21 GOSUB 4560: GOSUB 4560 PRINT "THIS IS INCREDIBLE — YOU HAVE FORCED A " PRINT "DRAW. DO YOU HAVE THE NERVE TO TRY TO " PRINT "BEAT ME "j INPUT PA$ REM TEST IF USER WANTS ANOTHER 6ME IF LEFT$ (PA$,1) - "Y" THEN 310 PRINT "THANKS ANYWAY FDR THE GOOD GAME" HOME ! VTAB 21 8 PRINT "THANKS FOR THE GOOD GAME 1 11 '! END REM . REM LOOP TO PICK BEST POSSIBLE MOVE FOR Q = 1 TO 16 REM TEST IF SQUARE IS EMPTY IF X(Y(Q) ) = THEN 2400 NEXT Q REM USE ANY OPEN SQUARE LET Y(Q) » H REM FIND A,B,C LET A - INT ({Y{Q) - 1) / 16) + 1 LET B « INT (((Y(Q) - 16 ♦ (A - 1)) 1) / 4) + 1 LET C = Y(Q) - (A - 1) * 16 - (B - 1) * 4 REM DRAW SHAPE GOSUB 4420 HOME : VTAB 21 PRINT "I SHALL MOVE TO " ?A| " , " f B? " , " ;C REM STORE MOVE LET X(Y(Q) ) « - .3 REM RESTART PROCESS GOTO 490 END REM REM 2540 REM THE FOLLOWING ARE SUBROUTINES USED IN THE PRO GRAM 2550 REM 2560 2570 2580 2590 2600 2610 2620 2630 2640 2650 2660 2670 2680 2690 2700 2710 2720 2730 2740 2750 2760 2770 2780 2790 2800 2810 2820 2830 2840 2850 REM SUBROUTINE TO READY GAME HGR TEXT HOME VTAB (12) PRINT "ONE MOMENT PLEASE TILL I SET UP THE GAME" REM TEST IF PLAYING FOR REPEATED TIME (DONT WANT TO REDIM) IF Z > THEN 3010 REM ELSE — PLAYED FOR 1ST TIME — DIMENSION VARIABLE S DIM Y(17) DIM M(76,4) DIM X(64) DIM L(76) DIM K(76) DIM PB(7«) REM LET DOS? = CHR$ (4) REM LOOP TO READ DATA FOR BEST POSSIBLE MOVES FOR X = 1 TO 16 READ Y(X) NEXT X REM LOOP TO READ DATA FOR WINNING OOMBINATIONS TO CHECK FOR X = 1 TO 76 READ M(X,1),M{X,2),M(X,3),M(X,4) NEXT X REM BEST POSSIBLE MOVES DATA I,49,52t4tl3,61,64tl6,22,39,23,38,26,42,27,4 3 REM HORIZONTAL ON EACH LEVEL DATA 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18 ,19,20,21,2 2,2 3,24,2 5,26,2 7,28,29,30,31,32,3 3,34,35 ,36, 37, 38, 3 9,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52 ,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64 REM VERTICAL ON EACH LEVEL LklktgivHfknmd. from acquiring three markers in two combinations, which would have en- abled you to wrap up the game on the next move. If this situation does not ex- ist, the computer checks if all the COLUMHs I Figure 2. The game board. squares are occupied and there is a draw. If all else fails, the computer picks from a list of 16 "good" moves. These squares are the ones in the maximum number of combinations. The four middle squam of both the o^itral levels and the four edge squares of the outer levels are each members of seven different combinations, thus earning them the distinction of being "good" moves (Figure 1). Make your move and the process b^ins again. Program Line Explanation 60-480 give the directions and deter- mine who goes first. They also execute a subroutine to draw the board (Figure 2) and ready the variables. 490-740 accept a player move and go to the appropriate subroutines to draw it, while storing the move with a 1 in the appropriate X array location. 760-930 add up the value of each square, stored in X(64), in the 76 possi- ble winning combinations stored in M(76,4), and store these sums in L(76). Abo^ diese lines check if the player has made a winning move indicated by an L array value of 4. 950-1190 check to see if any L array val- ue is - .9, which would indicate an im- minent winning move (or the computer. 1210-1360 check if the player has blocked a three-in-a-row situation for the computer, indicated by .1 for an L array value. If this is true, an appro- priate message is printed. 1380-1630 check to see if the computer 58 feider May 1984 Circle 278 on Reader Service card. ( PEEK (176) * 256 + PEEK POKE 233, ( PEEK (176) ) Listing continued. 2860 DATA 1,5,9,13,2,6,10,14,3,7,11,15,4,8,12,16,17,21 ,25i2^a8r22,2§.30.19,23,27,31,20,24,28,32,33,37,41 ',45' 34,38,42,46, 35,39,43,47,36,40,44,48,49, 53, 57,61 , 50,54, 58,62,51,55, 59,63,52, 56,60,64 REM VERTICAL THROUGH LEVELS DATA 1,17,33,49,2,18,34,50,3,19,35,51,4,20,36,52, 5,21,37,53,6, 22,38,54, 7,23, 39,55,8, 24,40,56,9,25,41 ,57, 10, 26, 42, 58, 11, 27, 43, 59, 12, 28, 44, 60, 13, 29, 45, 61 ,14,30,46,62, 15, 31,47,63, 16,3 2,48,64 REM DIAGONALS ON EACH LEVEL DATA 1,6,11,16,13,10,7,4,17,22,27,32,29,26,23,20 ,3 3, 38,43,48,45,42, 39,36,49,54,59,64,61,58, 55,52 REM DIAGONALS THROUGH LEVELS DATA 1,21, 41, 61, 13, 25, 37, 49, 2, 22, 42, 62, 14, 26, 38, 5 0,3,23,43,63,15,27,39,51,4,24,44,64,16,28,40,5 2,1,1 8, 35, 52, 4, 19, 34, 49, 5, 22, 39, 56, 8, 23, 38, 53, 9, 26, 43, 60 ,12,27,42,57, 13,30,47,64,16,31,46,61 REM DIAGONALS OF 'CUBE' DATA 1,22,43,64,16,27,38,49,13,26,39,52,4,23,42,6 1 REM LOAD SHAPE TABLE AND SET POINTER (METHOD BY J EFFREY A. MILLS) PRINT DOS$;"BLOAD SHAPES, A (175) + 1) POKE 232, ( PEEK (175) + 1) ROT= SCALE= 1 REM INITIALIZE VARIABLES FOR X = 1 TO 64 LET X(X) NEXT X FOR X = 1 TO 76 LET L(X) = NEXT X REM PLOT BOARD — REM PLOT 4 LEVELS HCOLOR= 3 FOR X = TO 3 HPLOT 80,8 + 39 * X TO 210,8 + 39 39 * X TO 50,38 + 39 * X TO 80,8 + REM HORIZONTAL/VERTICAL LINES FOR Y = 1 TO 3 HPLOT 80+32.5 * Y,8 + 39 * X TO + 39 * X HPLOT 51 + 7.5 * Y, (39 - 7.56 * Y) + 7.5 * Y,(39 - 7.56 * Y) + 39 * X NEXT Y,X REM REM REM "L" FOR X = 34 TO 106 FOR Y = 1 TO 2 Y,X TO Y,X + 13 1,X + Y + 11 TO 10, X Y,X 2870 2880 2890 2900 2910 2920 2930 2940 2950 2960 2970 2980 2990 3000 3010 3020 3030 3040 3050 3060 3070 3080 3090 3100 3110 3120 3130 3140 3150 X TO 180,38 + 39 50 + 32 39 * 5 * Y,38 X TO 179 3160 3170 3180 3190 3 200 3210 3220 3230 3240 3250 3260 3270 3280 3290 3300 3310 3320 3330 3340 3350 3360 3370 3380 3390 3400 "LEVEL" STEP 72 HPLOT HPLOT NEXT REM "E" FOR X = 52 TO 88 STEP 36 FOR Y = 1 TO 2 HPLOT Y,X TO Y,X + 13 NEXT Y FOR Y=XT0X+13 STEP 6 FOR Z = TO 1 HPLOT 1,Y + Z TO 10, Y + Z NEXT Z,Y,X REM "V" FOR X = 1 TO 9 STEP 8 HPLOT X,70 TO X,75 HPLOT X+1,70TOX+1,75 NEXT X HPLOT 2,76 TO 6,83 TO 9,76 HPLOT 1,76 TO 6,83 TO 10,76 + Y + 11 Listing continued. .1 5 Only Titan's Neptune^^ pro- vides Apple He users with an 80-coIumn video display and up to 192K memory- all in jfist one slot. Now, Titan's exclusive Neptune extended 80-coIumn card gives you increased video display and up to 192K memory using just one slot in your Apple He. Designed expressly for the auxiliary slot of the lie. the Neptune is available with 64K, 128K or 192K of RAM memory The RAM memory can be utilized as a solid state RAM disk. Additionally Titan's VC-EXPAND/ 80^^ software supplied with each Neptune expands VisiCalc® up to 220K of workspace memory and provides many other VisiCalc enhancements. DOS, PASCAL and CP/M® PSEUDO-DISK™ patches and a DOS relocation program are also included with each Neptune card. Let us help you expand your Apple's productivity For informa- tion on the Neptune and other Titan microcomputer products, see your computer dealer or contact: Titan Technologies, Inc., PO. Box 8050, Ann Arbor, MI 48107; Telephone (313) 973-8422. Sales and Marketing by The MARKETING RESOURCE GROUP, Costa Mesa, CA. Titan TECHNOLOGIES, INC. FORMERLY SATURN SYSTEMS OF MICHIGAN Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc. VisiCalc is a registered trademark of VisiCorp, Inc. CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc. VC-EXPAND software is written by Micro Solutions, Inc. Neptune and PSEUDO-DISK are trademarks of Titan Technologies, Inc. May 1984 feider 59 Quality you expect, at a price you don't. BECK DOUBLE DENSITY DISKETTES SINGLE ^'^^^^JTj^^Q /$^^79 ^^^^^^ ^^^^^ Our message to you is simple. If you like the quality of Dysan, Verbatim, 3M, et al, you'll like the quality of Beck soft sector, 5 V4" flexible diskettes. The only major difference is cost. We're less expensive. In fact, a lot less expensive. Why does Beck cost less? Our philosophy is: Excellent quality and reliability at a cost that beats the jackets off other diskettes. We can do it be- cause we (1) put our money into the product, not mega- marketing schemes and fancy packaging; and (2) sell our money-saving 25-diskette pack to you direct via a toll free order line, so you get fast, door-to-door service efficiently When you buy Beck, you've got the best. Beck Quality. Beck Reliability. And, of course, Beck Price. 1 D, soft sector 5 V4" diskette $2.19 each 2D, soft sector 5 Vn'' diskette $2.79 each For IBM, Apple, TRS and 97% of popular microcomputers. What about quality and reliability? At Beck, our success as a diskette manufacturer depends upon our ability to provide you with a fully reliable, quality diskette - every time. For that reason we take no shortcuts. You get the best because we are committed to excellence. Every diskette is manufactured to very strict quality stand- ards. We test and retest 21 times throughout the manufac- turing process to insure compliance with no less than 42 rigid specifications. We make sure you get the very best - a 100% certified, 100% error free diskette. Our satisfaction money-back guarantee and full '^year warr- anty fare proof of our commitment to excellence and confidence in our product. 25 PACK Order No\ Toll Free COD'S ' GASH ONLY Corporate Accounts Welcon MasterCard (in New Hampshire cali 924-3821) Door to Door in 48 hrs. Order Toll Free 1-800232-6634. Available in 25 pack only, plus freight, Complete with hub reinforcing rings, Tyvek envelopes, color coded user labels, and nonmetallic write protect tabs. All Beck Diskettes meet or exceed ANSI specifications. 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 LOADER M^ER SUBU MAGGE JANUARY 9, 1984 ADOPTED FROM JEFFREY A. REM REM REM REM REM «™ LET D? = CHR$ (4) PRINT D$ ; "OPEN LOADER" PRINT D$; "DELETE LOADER" PRINT D$;"OPEN LOADER" PRIHT D$?"WMtE LOADER" PRINT "FP" PRINT "POKE 103,1" PRINT "POKE 104,64" PRINT "POKE 16384,0" PRINT "LOAD STACK ATTACK" PRINT "POKE 105,0" PRINT "POKE 106,8" PRIBIT "POKE 107,0" PRINT "POKE 108,8" PRINT "POKE 109,0" PRINT "POKE 110,8" PRINT "POKE 111,0" PRINT "POKE 112,32" PRINT "POKE 115,0" PRINT "POKE 116,32" PRINT "RUN" PRINT D$; "CLOSE LOADER" END Lisimg 2. Loader Maker. MILLS needs to block. This would occur if the player alone had three markers in a combination, indicated by an L array value of 3. In such a situation, a re- mark would be printed. 1650-1820 check to see if the computer alone has two markers in a combination and can place a third. A value of - .6 in the L array indicates this situation. 1840-2140 see if the player has devel- oped two combinations, each with two of only his markers, sharing a common square. The computer would move to that open square and prevent the play- er from bdng able to place three mark- ms in two diffiei^^t combinations, as such a situation would lead to a player win on the next move. 2160-2300 check if there are any open squares. If none are found, the game ends in a draw. 2320-2510 select the best possible moves if all the other tests do not yield a good move. These moves are picked from the Y(17) array in a specific order so that the occupied squares are in as many common combinations as de. 2570-4390 are a subroutine to ready the variables and plot the board (Figure 2). Lines 2810-2940 provide the square numbers that are either good moves or winning combination components. 4410-4470 are a subroutine to draw Listing conHrmed 3410 3420 3430 3440 ^450 3460 3470 3480 3490 3500 3510 3520 3530 3540 3550 3560 3570 3 580 3590 3600 3610 3620 3630 3640 3650 3660 3670 3680 3690 3700 3710 3720 3730 3740 3750 3760 3770 3780 3790 3800 3810 3820 3830 3840 3850 3860 3870 3S80 3890 3900 3910 3920 3930 3940 3950 3960 3970 3980 3990 4000 4010 4020 4030 4040 4050 4060 4070 4080 NUMBERS REM — — REM REM "1" HPLOT 30,12* HPIiOT 30,13$ HPLOT 31,12s HPLOT 31,13 FOR X * 30 TO 35 HPIiOT X,23s HPLOT X,24 NEXT X FOR X » 11 TO 24 HPLOT 32, Xi HPLOT 33, X NEXT X REM "2" FOR X = 56 TO 58 HPLOT 30, Xs HPLOT 31, X NEXT X HPLOT 31,55: HPLOT 32,56: HPLOT 38,56: HPLOT 37,56 : HPLOT 38,57: HPLOT 39,57: HPLOT 38,55 FOR X = 32 TO 37 HPLOT X,54: HPLOT X,55 NEXT X HPLOT 30,66 TO 39,57: HPLOT 30,67 TO 39,67j HPLOT 31,66 TO 39,58: HPLOT 30,68 TO 39,68 REM "3" HPLOT 30,928 HPLOT 30,93t HPLOT 30,100; HPLOT 30,1 0l! HPLOT 31,103* HPLOT 32,1018 HPLOT 38,93 TO 39,9 3 TO 39,94 TO 38,94: HPLOT 38,102: HPLOT 38,101: HPLOT 37,101: HPLOT 37,100 FOR X = 32 TO 37 HPLOT X,90: HPLOT X,91 NEXT X FOR X = 91 TO 100 STEP 9 FOR Y = TO 2 HPLOT 31,X + Y NEXT Y,X FOR X = 37 TO 39 HPLOT X,92: HPLOT X,95 NEXT X FOR X = 32 TO 37 HPLOT X,102: HPLOT X,103 NEXT X FOR X = 98 TO 100 HPLOT 38, X: HPLOT 39, X NEXT X FOR X = 33 TO 38 HPLOT X,96: HPLOT X,97 NEXT X REM "4" HPLOT 37,126 TO 37,139: HPLOT 36,127 TO 36,139: HPLOT 28,134 TO 36,127: HPLOT 29,135 TO 37,126: HPLOT 29, 134 TO 39,134: HPLOT 29,135 TO 39,135 REM — ^ ~ REM "COLUMN" REM "C" HPLOT 39,0 TO 41,0: HPLOT 42,1: HPLOT 38,1 TO '38,5 : HPLOT 39,6 TO 41,6: HPLOT 42,5 REM "O" HPLOT 46,0 TO 48,0: HPLOT 45,1 TO 45,5: HPLOT 46,6 TO 48,6: HPLOT 49,1 TO 49,5 REM "L" HPLOT 52,0 TO 52,6 TO 55,6 REM "U" HPLOT 58,0 TO 58,5: HPLOT 59,6 TO 61,6: HPLOT 62,0 TO 62,5 REM "M" HPLOT 65,6 TO 65,0 TO 67,3 TO 69,0 TO 69,6 REM "N" HPLOT 72,6 TO 72,0: HPLOT 72,1 TO 76,5: HPLOT 76,6 TO 76,0 REM " : " HPLOT 79,2: HPLOT 79,4 REM REM NUMBERS REM "1" LET X = 0:Y = FOR S = 1 TO 2 HPLOT 96 + X,Y TO 96 + X,6 + Y: HPLOT 95 + X, 1 + Y : HPLOT 94 + X,6 + Y TO 97 + X,6 + Y LET X = 122 :Y = 9 NEXT S REM "2" LET X = 0:Y = May 1984 &der 61 UtOng continued, 4090 FOR S = 1 TO 2 4100 HPLOT 125 + X^Y TO 127 + X,Y{ HPLOT 124 + X,l -I- Ys HPLOT 128 + X,l + Y TO 128 + X,2 + Ys HPLOT 127 + X,3 + Y: HPLOT 126 + X,4 + Y: HPLOT 125 + X,4 + Y: HPLOT 124 + X,5 + Y: HPLOT 123 + X,6 + Y TO 128 + X,6 + Y 4110 LET X = 85:Y = 17 4120 NEXT S 4130 REM "3" 4140 LET X - 0:Y = 4150 FOR S * 1 TO 2 4160 HPLOT 156 + X,Y TO 160 + K,Yt HPLOT 160 + X,l + Y: HPLOT 159 + X,2.+ Y: HPLOT 158 + X,3 + Ys HPLOT 15 9 + X,4 + Y: HPLOT 160 + X,5 + Y: HPLOT 159 + X,6 + Y TO 157 + X,6 + Ys HPLOT 156 + X, 5 + Y 4170 LET X = 44 :Y - 26 4180 NEXT S 4190 REM "4" 4200 LET X - 0:Y = 4210 FOR S = 1 TO 2 4220 HPLOT 192 + X,Y TO 192 + X,6 + Y: HPLOT 192 + X,Y TO 189 + X,3 + Y: HPLOT 188 + X,4 + Y TO 193 + X,4 + Y : HPLOT 188 + X, 3 + Y 4230 LET X = 3sY = 33 4240 NEXT S 4250 REM ■ 4260 REM "ROW" 4270 REM "R" 4280 HPLOT 224,30 TO 227,30: HPLOT 228,31 TO 228,32: HPLOT 227,33 TO 224,33: HPLOT 224,30 TO 224,36: HPLOT 226 ,34 TO 228,36 4290 REM "O" 4300 HPLOT 233,20 TO 235,20: HPLOT 236,21 TO 236,25: HPLOT 235,26 TO 233,26: HPLOT 232,25 TO 232,21 4310 REM "W" 4320 HPLOT 245,11 TO 245,17: HPLOT 244,16: HPLOT 243,15 : HPLOT 242,16: HPLOT 241,17 TO 241,11 4330 REM ENTER HI-RES WITHOUT ERASING IMAGE 4340 POKE - 16304,0 4350 POKE - 16297,0 4360 POKE - 16301,0 4370 POKE - 16300,0 4380 VTAB 21 4390 RETURN 4400 REM • 4410 REM SUBROUTINE TO DRAW MOVE 4420 FOR X = 1 TO 7 4430 XDRAW D AT 92 - (B - 1) * 7 + 32 * (C - 1),13 + (A - 1) * 39 + (B - 1) * 7 4440 FOR PAUSE = 1 TO 100s NEXT PAUSE 4450 NEXT X 4460 DRAW D AT 92 - (B - 1) * 7 + 32 * (C - 1),13 + (A - 1) * 39 + (B - 1) * 7 4470 RETURN 4480 REM 4490 REM SUBROUTINE TO CHANGE SQUARE NUMBER TO LEV, ROW ,COL 4500 LET A = INT ((M(G,J) - 1) / 16) + 1 4510 LET B = INT C((M(G,J) - 16 * (A - 1 ) ) - 1 ) / 4 ) + 1 4520 LET C = M(G,J) - (A - 1 ) * 16 - (B - 1) * 4 4530 RETURN 4540 REM — — 4550 REM SUBROUTINE FOR BELL 4560 FOR X = 1 TO 5 4570 PRINT CHR$ (7) 4580 NEXT X 4590 RETURN 4600 REM 4610 END 62 6ider Mi^ 19S4 6EDD- 02 00 20 6EE0- 00 3C 00 56 00 58 00 5A 6EE8- 00 5C 00 5E 00 60 00 62 6EF0- 00 64 00 66 00 68 00 6A 6EF8- 00 05 00 05 00 IB CI 51 6F00- IB CI 28 2D 35 35 3E 3E '6F08- 3F 27 27 2C 2D 2D 26 17 ''6F10- 3E 27 7P 09 4D 49 C9 00 i5F18- 00 2C 25 2D 2C AD D2 DB 6F20- DB 38 3E 37 3F 07 CI CI 6F28- CI CI CI 49 35 35 75 2A 6F30- 2E 35 00 05 00 05 00 05 6F38- 00 05 00 05 00 05 00 05 6F40- 00 05 00 05 00 05 00 05 6F48- 05 00 05 00 05 00 05 00 6F50- 05 00 05 00 05 CI C9 6B 6F58- 09 CI C8 4D FF LIsimg 3. Shape table. the moves. A shape table is used for the markers. Shape number 1 is the player's O while the computer's X is shape number 2. 4490^530 are a subroutine to find a square number's level, row, and col- xxncax. The player uses this second method to enter his moves. 4550-4590 are a subroutine to sound a bell to gain the player s attention to messages. Problems Encountered The major difficulty in constructing this program was the incompatibility of long programs with hi-res graphics. As the program grew, it began to oc- cupy the graphics portion of memory and scramble the hi-res board. Avoiding the hassles of monitor fid- dling, I originally broke the game down into several small programs that ran sequentially. Jeffrey A. Mills provided a solution by developing a series of POKES to load a program above the graphics pages ("Program Loader," inCider^ Septem- ber 1983). Adapting his techniques, I wrote Loader Maker (Listing 2), which must be run before all else to create a text file that will run the game properly. Getting Started First, run the program Loader Mak- er (Listing 2) to create a text file to start the game. Next, type in and save the shape table (Listing 3) vdth BSAVE SHAPES. A28381,L127. Type in and save the main program as '*Stack Attack." Finally, EXEC Loader and enjoy the program.! ELECTRICAL SURGES AND SE^KES CAN BE A REAL SHOCK TO YOUR SYSTEM. PROTECT IT FROM CRASHES AND GLITCHES WITH SCOOTER™ GUARD-IT™ CONTROL CENTERS. Surges and spikes can wipe out hours of data entry. Damage micro circuitry. And drive you crazy. All in a micro-second. Protect your data, your computer and your peace of mind with a SCOOTER'" GUARD-IT™ CONTROL CENTER, surge protected outlet strip. Designed for microcomputers, monitors and printers, all SCOOTER outlet strips feature one-switch power control, push- to-reset circuit breakers and attractive sand-color metal case with matching cable and sockets. Plus 100% factory testing. And they're just part of a whole line of high grade electronic components and computer cable assemblies. Ask for SCOOTER Power Control Centers wherever you buy computer supplies. And get surges and spikes out of your system for good . SCOOTER High Grade Electronic Components ohm/electronics 746 Vermont • Palatine, IL 60067 (312) 359-6040 Circle 85 on Reader Service card. EXTENDED PROTECTION: SCOOTER'S XP4 GUARD-IT™ CONTROL CENTER Featuring noise filter, normal and common mode improved surge protection, fail safe design (blocks power if filter fails.) 3-Yr. warranty. $74.95 SP6 GUARD-IT™ CONTROL CENTER 6 protected outlels, normal and common mode surge suppression. $49,95 *SC6 SCOOTER™ CONTROL CENTER 6-outlet power strip. $27.95 *SC4 SCOOTER™ CONTROL CENTER 4-outlet power strip. $25.95 * For all applications that do not require surge protection. All prices suggested retail. Visa and MasterCard accepted. FREE SCOOTER T-SHIRT ^ WHEN YOU BUY ANY SCOOTER CONTROL CENTER Send usyour SALES RECEIPT OR your ORDER with this coupon to: ohm/electronics, 746 Vermont St., Palatine IL 60067 (Illinois residents, when ordering, add 7% sales tax.) □ Visa □ MasterCard □ Check or Money Order Model Card #:_ _ Price :. -Signature— _T-ShirtSize:. Name:. Address:- City: . State:. -Zip- May WA &ider m Pascal- The World's Cheapest Word Processor Believe it or not, witli the UCSD Pascal system on your Apple you almost have a built-in word processor. M you need to add is a printout formatter— and here it is! by James R. Florini There are many word processors on the market, some of them very good indeed. However, if you have the Apple Pascal system, you don't really need to buy a word pro- cessing package at all. If you have used Pascal for pro- gramming, you must have noticed the convenient features the Editor pro- vides. It has Insert, Delete, Find, and Replace functions (and Replace can be done once, a specified number of times, and globally), re-margining of paragraphs, methods for moving bloc^ of text within a file and between files, and ways to reconfigure the edit- ing system using the "Set Environ- ment" commands. Careful reading of pages 72-126 in the Operating System Reference Manual will introduce you to what the Editor can do. Indeed, it has most of the features of the editors included in the commercial word pro- cessing programs, and it is all part of the Apple Pascal System most of us bought for programming. What the Editor ImM is any provi- sion for printing out the texlfiles. At the most elementary level, you can go to the filer and tr^isfer the file to the printer, but that gives imfbrmatted printouts. What is needed is a program to make the text print the way you want it to — a printout formatter. I started working on this printout formattjer when I recognized the singfc grmi truth of text formatting— tfiat tiie computer need not send to the printer each character it reads from a 64 6kler May 1984 textfile. This means that you can use various characters as signals to have the printer take some specific action (printing the next character as a super- script, for example). Everything else is just a matter of deciding what features to include, what signals to use for them, and writing the procedures and functions to mdce it all work. One advantage to using the UCSD Pascal system for word processing is the possibility of analyzing the texlfiles with programs like my REFCITED (inCider, March 1983), which pulls all reference citations from the text. The CROSSREF pro-am that is included in the Pascal package (on disk Apple 3:) can check spelling and be used as a rather crude indexer. Another advan- tage is that you can customize things to fit your own needs using a program like the one presented here. The major disadvantage I see is that the operating system is not really very user-friendly; certainly it doesn't provide as many on-screen prompts as most oonMnerdal word processors. But when you finally get familiar with them, those single- letter commands in the UCSD system are really very quick and easy to use. I have written this program on the assumption that it will be used for serious word processing, so things are arranged for at least two disk drives, 80 columns and a full ASCII character set. Many modifications of the older Apple IPs provi(fe these, and the He comes with a fuU ASCII character set, at least 64K of memory, and a stan- dard typewriter keyboard. (It seems to me that anyone doing word processing with a 40-column Apple II would be wiser to use a comnwardal program like Screenwriter II, rather tfian put up with all of the dizzying horizontd scrolling involved in using the Apple Pascal Editor on a 40-column screen). I have also assumed the use of a Diablo-type printer, although it is es- sential only for the boldface and super- script functions; these require very short horizontal spacing and negative linefeeds, respectivdy. Otherwise, everything in this program should work on most printers — if you find the appropriate control codes in your printer manual. Entering the Text Obviously, a printout formatting program is not very useful if you have nothing to be printed. To help you de- ride if it is worthwhile to go to the trouble of typing and compiling this long program, let s first go through tiie steps used in entering text with this system. First, go to the filer andenterN for a new file. Then quit the filer, enter 1 to get the editor, and press return in re- sponse to the request for a file name. Now, assuming you are going to enter things in normal paragraph format, enter S and E to set Ae environment. In Wnte to Dr. James K. Florini, c/o Biology De- partment, Syracuse Unktersiiy, Syracuse, NY 13210. Circle 396 on Reader Service card. AZTEC C65 A POWERFUL. PROFESSIONAL, AND PORTABLE ■'C" LANGUAGE. DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM FOR APPLE COMPUTERS - response to the resulting menu, enter AFFT for auto-indent false and filling true. Also enter C * to make the com- mand character the accent grave (ASCII character #96). The command character s function in the UCSD edi- tor may not be obvious, but it's very handy. If it is the first character in a Une, it prevents that line from being incorporated into a paragraph when you use the margin command or insert something just ahead of that line. It is particularly useful for the command lines well get to in a moment. Now press the spacebar to get back to the editor, and then enter I to start inserting text. All you have to do now is just type away as fast as you can — and for me it is a good deal faster on the Apple than on a typewriter, possibly because it is so easy to correct mistakes that I don't worry much about them. Don't bother with carriage returns un- less you want to start a new paragraph (two successive returns do this); the text wraps around to the next line without breaking up your words. Clever litde Apple! None of this says anything about the accompanying program or its features, so let s stop typing a moment to look at the kinds of signals we might include in the text. They are all listed in Table 1. Embedded signals occur within a line and affect only the immediately fol- lowing character (or in the case of un- derline, start and stop within a line). Command lines make more perma- nent changes and must appear on a line by themselves. For the latter, to make things easier for people accus- tomed to other word processors, I have used command lines starting with periods; this is a rather common way of putting commands in text files. To make things as user-friendly as possi- ble, I have tried to use very descriptive commands, and have allowed the option of using either a long, descrip- tive format or an abbreviated version (handy when you get more accustomed to the system). Of course, the nice thing about an open program of this sort is that you can make up your own com- mands, change the command letters — do anything that fits your needs. To show how these things might be used, Figure 1 shows a short para- graph with all the signals showing (I 1 Fbrings all the I ^' to the APPLE//' nd APPLE //e. The AZTEC 65 "C" compiler generates fast 6502 assembler code. Run ime support includes full UNIX 10. general utility functions, scientific math functions, overlay support, and device driver interfaces. AZTEC 065 IS a professional development system. It includes APPLE SHELL — a UNIX like development environment. VED — a full screen editor. AS65 — a 6502 assembler, a full feature linkage editor, MKLIB — a library utility, and a number of other development utilities. AZTEC 065 code is portable to AZTEC compilers for CP/M-80, PC DOS, MS DOS, CP/M-86, TRS 80 and COMMODORE 64. Code is easily transferred to and from UNIX v7. Cross compilers are available from UNIX, PC DOS, MS DOS, CP/M-86, CP/M-80, and others. + ^ZTEC 065 - APPLE DOS S.MmiiF $19S| PC DOS, MS DOS, CP/M-86, CP/M-80 TO 6502 CROSS . . . $75d| JNIX TO 6502 CROSS (PDP-11) $2000^ f 'C" TUTORIAL SYSTEM {upgradable to full AZTEC 065) ... $95 AZTEC C65 MANUAL $35 i kzTEC 065 without manual $169| <\ZTECCIIforOP/M-80(MP/M-B0) $199 ■AZTEC 086 for PC DOS, MS DOS, or CP/M-86 5249 ANX software systems Calf for Information on AZTEC Ces for PfODOS and Other 6502 systems. MANX SOFTWARE SYSTEMS BOX 55, SHREWSBURY, NJ 07701 Circle 34 on Reader Service card. PROTECTING YOUR APPLE AN OPEN AND ,^m^m SHUT CASE [^^\ (applexcenter The APPLE-CENTER Model 12 protects your Apple system from theft and unauthorized use. All metal construction, the APPLE- CENTER bolts easily to a table-top, securing your Apple II or lie, 2 disk drives and your monitor Unlocked, the APPLE-CENTER Rear Cooling Fan Our Model 10 opens up to allow you quick and easy access inside your Apple. The key switches power to your Apple system and the filtered cooling fan. The SURGE SENTRY by RKS ' Industries, protects your Apple from harm- ful voltage spikes. 1 Call or write for additional information; NUDOSS ■n INDUSTRIES 1224 Mariposa ' ' ' San Francisco, CA 94107 (4151861-2223 May 1984 6ider 65 Circle 112 on Reader Service card, cm the Rainbow Quest Fiction, Fantasy, and Computer Adventure for the Apple ainbow Quest will take your child I on a space adventure of the future. The planet Rainbow is a faraway land of ancient and mysterious cities, mazes, and puzzling events for young readers to dis- covery^ Rainbow Quest by Richard Ramella is a book-and-software adventure for the Apple II, II + , and He* Children read and play along as Molly and Sam meet pirates, robots, and strange creatures as they make their way across the planet Rainbow. To reach their goal, they must survive on their own and face the challenges they meet along the way. Readers will help Molly and Sam find their way through dark and confusing mazes, solve word and number puzzles, and conquer invaders in arcade-style games. Each obstacle they meet is a program, on the Rainbow Quest software, ready to load and run. Rainbou) Quest has 25 programs in alL Book and software are sold together in a protective storage binder with complete instructions. Each Rainbow Quest package for the Apple is $24-95- To order Rainbow Quest, call toll-free for credit card orders, 1-800-258-5473. an New Hampshire, call 924-9471.) Or mail your order with payment or complete credit card information to: Wayne Green Inc., Attn. Book Sales, Peterborough, NH 03458. Allow 4-6 weeks for delivery. Orders payable in US dollars only. Rainbow Quest by Richard Ramella. Programs adapted for the Apple by Warren Witherell. Illustrated by Coni Porter. $24.95, 7 by 9 book, softcover, spiral-bound, 128 pp. Disk version CC7407 ISBN 0-88006-0824 Available in April Dealer inquiries invited. Color my child's imagination! Send me copies of Rainbow Quest for the Apple (CC7407) at $24.95 per package. (Include $2.00 per package for shipping and handling.) □ Payment Enclosed □ MasterCard □ VISA □ AMEX Card # MC Bank # Exp. date _Signature_ Address^ .State -Zip- WG Books are available at your local bookstor* Wayne Green Books, Peterborough, NH 03458 345B5Q \3et Spacing at 1 ^. Print Boldface ".Don't Print unless at least 5 lines left on the page Example of Text Entry This is aa example of the kind of text one would enter to be formatted with the _DIABL0FRT( prolan* it get ^underlining! Hlce this, and can also do footnotea^a vi%h saperseripted key letters as shown here. Chemists would ".Start Footnote 'a This is an example of the way you would put a footnote in the text. It can, as you aee, occupy more than one line, _andi it can include amy (or all) of the usual imbedded signals. ".End Footnote also use subscripts to write something like H\2S0\4. Now I'll change the Environment* What I did here was to change the left, right, and paragraph settings. Word processors often do that with command lines, but that would require that the program include procedures to format lines. I think it is preferable (insofar as possible) to see how the final printout will look while entering the text. Back to nor&al now* Figure L Sample text as it is entered. IJOkig L DIABLOFRTL PROSRAN BIAfiUIPRT; CBY J. R. FLORINI, Biology Dept., Syracuse Unlversity> tUSEB ENTRIES; - if you have this in your SYSTEM. LI BRARy> CONST PAQELEN=66; <.6>6y lines/ 11 inch page at normal spacinQ> SPACE=' NULL=' ' ; {Makes program easier to read> N0RMAL=8i PARTI AL=3; REMAINDER=5i ^Diablo vertical spac* s«ttings> MAXFILES=15; MAXF00T=75! DATE^' 10/10/83' ; TYPE RIGHTONES=SET OF CHAR; tOmit i-f USES ENTRIES> VAR FILEPRINT^PRINTNUn, PAUSE, INSAVEO, FINISHED, ALLDONE, UNDERLINE, NEMPAGE, INCI-UDIN6, FORMATTING, HALF, PART, UMDERSPACE,PLUSHINU8,PRINTB0LD, FOOTPRINT! BOOLEAN; CHOICE: CHAR; COMMANDSET: SET OF CHAR; HEADPLACE, PAGEPLACE, LINES, LINESPACE, MARGINS, PAGE, J, U, TDTFILES, WORDS, FLINES, SLINES; INTEGER; SAVESPACEs PACKED ARRAYC0.-103 OF INTEGER; FIRSTPAGEs PACKED ARRAY C0. . MAXFILES3 OF INTEGER; PRINTPAGEi STRIN6C4]; fHINHEADs STRIN6C753; INFILE, LINEi STRING; FILENAME! ARRAY [0..MAXFIL^] OF 8TRINeC201| FSTR I NG ! ARRAYC 1 . . MAXF01IT3 OF STRING; INCLFILE, TEXTFILE, DIABLO: TEXT} . PROCEDURE CLEAR_SCREEN; BEGIN MRITE (CHR<12)); ^Clears screen> WRITELN ('MEMORY AVAILABLE IS ' » 35,MEMAVAIL, ' WORDS. DATE: 15) ; NRITELN; WRITELN FRQCEmjRE GLEm LINECNrtNTSGER} ; BEGIN GOTOXY<0,N}|WRITE CCHRI29)>; END; PROCEDURE O-EAR BOTTOM; VAR I: INTEGER; BEGIN FOR 1:^23 DOWNTO 20 DO CLEAR_LINE(I> ; END; PROCEDURE ZERO FOOT; VAR I: INTEGER; BEGIN FOR I:-i TO MAXFdOT DO FSTRINGCI]s=NULL; FLINES: »0; FOOTPRINT: -FALSE; END; PROCEDURE SHOW_LINE; BEGIN 6OTOXY<32,20); WRITE (WORDS, ' Words'); 6OTOXY<45,20>| WRITE <'LINE « ',L1NES+1); GOTOXY(60,20); WRITE (FLINES, ' Footnote lines'); CLEAR_LINE(22)j WRITE (LINE); BOTOXY (80,23); END; PROCEDURE REMOVE_GRAVE; BEGIN IF LENGTH (LINE) >0 THEN IF LINEtl]=' END; PROCEDURE INCL^LINE; THEN DELETE (LINE, 1,1); {Remove Circle 419 on Reader Service card. STUDENT STATISTICS Are you tired of doing statistics prob- lems on a calculator? Use HSD STATS™ on an Apple ll/lle and make your life easier. You can read the manual first or just boot the program disk and make your choices from the screen menu. DATA FILES Save your data to disk files for later use, join data files, and transform data. ANALYSES Get means and standard deviations, z-scores, frequency distributions with bargraphs, chi-squares, Pearson corre- lations, linear regressions, scatterplots, andSt-tests. r OUTPUT Obtain test results with p-values on monitor or printer. Researchers at leading universities and medical centers have used HSD STATS™ for years. They paid $99.95, but now you can get the complete program package for only $50. Save time and aggravation. Use HSD STATS™ from Human Sterns Dynam- ics, publishers of The Statistics Series,^"' sophisticated statistics programs for professionals. HSD STATS™ comes with a 10 day money back guarantee. Apple II. 48K. 1 or 2 Drives, ROM Applesc^. HUMAN SYSTEMS D¥NAMK:S To Order— Call (818)886-4281 or Write HUMAN SYSTEMS DYNAMICS 9010 Reseda Blvd. Suite 222/Dept.C Northridge, OA 91324 Dealer Inquiries Invited May 19S4 feider 67 Ezaaple of Text Entry This is an example of the icind of text one would enter to be formatted with the DIABLOPiiT program. We get underlining like this, and can also do footnotes with superscripted key letters as shown here. Chemists would also use subscripts to write something like H2S0^. Now I'll change the Environment . What I did here was to change the left, right, and paragrapn settings. Word processors often do that with command lines, but that would require that the program include procedures to format lines. I think it is preferable (insofar as possible) to see how the final printout will look while entering the text. Back to normal now. This is an example of the way you would put a footnote in the text. It can, as you see, occupy more than one line, and it can include any (or ail) of the usual imbedded signals. Figure 2. Sample text output. added the Print Signals and Don't Print Signals commands to let my printer do this). In essence (except for odd things like footnotes and com- mand lines), the text looks a lot like it will on the final printout — except, of course, that you can see only 24 lines at a time. Figure 2 shows the output from this paragraph. How It Works If you haven't seen many Pascal pro- grams, you may not know that they should be read backwards; to find out what is happening, start with the "Main Program," which is required to be at the end; look up the procedures as they are called. To help you read my Circle 355 on Reader Service card. Listen Before you buy a speech synthesizer, hsten to the ECHOIL It is the most versatile, intelligible and economical speech product. Check it out at your local dealer. Street Electronics Corporation ^ 1 140 Mark Avenue Carpinteria , CA 93013 Telephone (805) 684-4593 programs, I designate all procedures (and most functions) with two words separated by an underline, and I make the variable names as descriptive as I can. In this program, we start with some instructions (lots of different people might use it), and then do a bunch of initializing things while the user is reading the instructions. The user gets a chance to enter a running title for the top of each page, or to enter F so the name of each file will be printed there (this is handy when correcting drafts of long documents consisting of a number offQes). The next procedures, STAN- DARD_FORM and CHOOSE_ FILES, may seem a bit strange. They are temporary expedients to keep this program from filling an entire issue of inCider, This monfii's version of the program prints everything single- spaced, with one-inch margins, and the pages numbered at the upper right. It ^so prints just one file, so TOT- FILES is (temporarily) set at 1, and the filename must be entered exacdy. Next month I'll present rather fancy ver- sions of STANDARD__FORM and CHOOSE_FILES that will give lots of formatting options, add the .TEXT suffix, make sure the files are really present, make the computer look in ev- ery possible drive for any file specified, and even show you a disk directory if you can't remember the name you gave a file. That's really user-friendly! Now the program goes on to print the files (all one of them, this month!) in order. First there is some screen business that will look a bit odd now, but will make more sense next month when there is a list of filenames at the top of the screen. Of course, the list of starting page numbers hasn't been en- tered yet, but it is easier to put these things in the program now than to make a lot of litde changes when we include the file entry parts next month. The important thing here is the call to READ__FILE; that's where the action really starts. READ_J1LE reads through the fQe, one line at a time, by calling NEXT LINE, which uses SHOW_LINE to flash each line as it is read (and to show how many words and lines have been printed). PROCESS_JLINE is then in- 68 6ider May 1984 voked to check if either of the signals to turn on formatting is present. If it is (or if formatting has not been turned off), the huge PRINT_JLINE set of pro- oeduies is called to do all the format- ting that can be done; otherwise PRINT_UNCHANGED just prints the hne as it was read from the file. This non-format option may seem odd, but it can be quite useful for printing out programs and for similar situations in which you don't want su- perscripts, subscripts, etc. This gives slightly greater speed, of course, but in most cases it is llie printer rather than the Pascal program that limits output PRINT^JLINE is, as you can see, by far the biggest part of this big pro- gram. To save time, the first tbuig it does is to look for (and print) mipty lines. (This part indudes a half-space feature I use to compress bibliog- raphic without making them less readable.) Then it calls CHECKL_ SIGNALS to see if any conmiand lines, superscripts, or subscripts are present. K a line starts with a period, READ_ COMMAND calls GET_CAPS to condense the command line to its capi- tal letters and then plows throu^ a bunch of nested case statements to make the appropriate response to the command line. This is the place where you can make up more commands to fit your own needs. The possibilities are limited only by your imagination; the current version of this program leaves plenty of memory available for addi- tional features. Some of my commands seem a bit unlikely; I don't know of many cases in which you might start or stop numbering pages in the middle of a manuscript, but it was so easy to do that I couldn't resist adding the com- mands. By using .Include Pile "#5: Tablel.text" as a command, you can insert another file within the printout, and have it appear at the top of the next page if ibere isn't room on the cur- rent page; this is the way you might in- clude tables within a report, for in- stance. If you want it printed at the point it is called, just change the com- mand to .Include File InmiediateiLy "#5:tahlel.tesrt" and the new file will start on the next line. It can include all the features (except another indude- BEGIN READLN (INCLFIL£pLINE}| flEnOVE_6RAVE| PWICEDURE NEXT_LINE; BEBIN READLN <TEXTFILE,LINE) s SHOW^LINEj REMOVE_BRAVE} ENDi PROCEDURE PAPER^INSERTf €Singl« shMt feedl BEBIN C:LEAR_B0TT0M; if finished then MRITELN f Insert paper to START file', FlLENAMECJl, ' on page ',page, ELSE IF PAGE > 1 THEN BEGIN WRITELN ('Insert paper and align top edge -for page ',PAGE,' of -file ' FILENAME CJ3,'.')| WRITELN {'PRESS <RETURN> TO CONTINUE PRINTINS. ' 1 35) | WRITE (t^(7)>| READLN; PRtX^EDUF^ CHECK_8TCM^ED| CLeavs space at top for araph> VAR I, AVAILABLEj INTEGER; BEBIN AVAILABLE: =PAGELEN - 2 « MARGINS; REPEAT {Might be more than one waiting> IF (SAVE_SPACESC1]<>0) AND < SAVESPACEC 1 D <= AVAILABLE) THEN BEGIN FOR I 2=1 TO SAVESPACEC13 DO WRITELN (DIABLO) i L I NESs ^XNES-i«AVE^»ACEC 1 3 1 FOR Is'l TO 9 DO 8AVESPACECI3t-8IIVESf»ACECI-i-13s END; UNTIL «SftVE_SPACESC11=0) OR <LINES+SAVESPACEC13 > AVAILftBLE) | £ND| {CHECK-STORED> PROCEDURE PROCESS.LINEi FORUARDl PROCEDURE PRINT_INCLFILE; BEGIN INCLUDING: =TRUEi BOTOX Y (0, 21 ) j WRITE (' PRINTING ' , INFILE) ; RE8ET(INCLFILE,INFILE); WHILE NOT EDF( INCLFILE) DO BEBIN INCL_LINE; SHOW_LINE; PROCESS_LINE; END; CLOSE ( I NCLF ILE) ; I NSAVED i =FALSE ; I NCLUD I NG : -FALSE ; BOTOX Y (0,21) I MRITE(CHR(29>)| LmlmgconHmmd. Business mVsual? Business as usual these days means a / ^ Fast, courteous claims handling prevents computer that's up and "humming." / i your losing valuable business computing But if your computer were stolen or [r ^\ lime. damaged, you wouldn't have busi- jl i[ Find the premium price for the ness as usual. 1 1 fWnt njithMif ' ' coverage vou need listed in the table be- YOU D HAVE TROL^LE! I [ ^^^^'^ «/*wu#f f , ] aiMie for as bw as $35 per \bu can get fast replacement \\ yOUT COfHpUtBf i \ \>ear Fill in the coupon today. Your for your entire s\'stem and be back in \\ WQUldfi^t bC* } \ ' '^overage begin as soon as your business in a hurry by proieaing \\ i [ coupon application is received. Or for your computer widi SAFEWAfiE Per- \\ ij e\'en faster coverage, call our toll free sonal Computer Insurance. It's tlie only // number: coverage designed specifically for per- ' P"*--— -'---"^^^^^ 2A^Q sonal computers used for business X 'OUU'Cfrio^^riOy — in vour office, shop or home. // * r-^ (In Ohio call 1-614/262-0559) SAFEWARE protects ALL * t-, \ \ ^l^^r^u^^'^i^?^!'"^' ii. LJii. I J* Monday through Saturday hardware, ALL purchased software / 1 i and ALL media against theft, dam- tlH V" " - - - - , \ a \ rt^^ age or any other kind of loss, re- - ; ( ^Qp^'lliQiff ^ ) gardless of use, after a low $50 deductible. Vvflt ^riTW SLmJ Total Hardware, Media & Annual Software System \ aliie Premium Upto$ 2.000 $ 35 $ 2.001-$ 5,000 $ 60 $ 5.001-$ 8.000 $ 75 $ 8.001-$! 1.000 $ 90 $11.001-$14.000 $105 MaiitaSAKHWARE. P,() Bo\0::ii. Columbus. OH 43202. please issue my SAFE WARE Insurance Coverage. Call loll-free for rales on hif(her i overage. C'jyerujie differs in Texas. It IS an underwriting requirement that you h vniir w^lcrn for Us full viiliiv IC Name r,.v Sl:iir 7tp Sysicm vail IP $ □Check Enclosed QViSA □MasterCard Card* May 1984 &der 69 Circle 525 on Reader Service card. r with CustomFONT Character, SymfKXf, and Font Design for your Apple Ifl and Graphics Printer Design, display and print special charac- ters, symbols, logos, formulae, graphics, and special fonts in word processing and spreadsheets • Enhance your own pro- grams and games with flashing charac- ters, unique displays, and distinctive reports • Built-in fontfile utilities and character set printouts • Fully docu- mented and fun to use • Extends the capabilities of your Apple III and graph- ics printer 1000 percent! • Requires 256k and Epson, IDS 4/560, Prism, Prowriter, or Apple DMP. Onlf $149,00. Send check or money onler to: Swenson Th9 Solution Company SWENSON ASSOCIATES. INC 45 Newbuiy Stritt Boston, MA 02116 (617) 267-3632 Demo Disk! □ Please send CustomFONT (payment enclosed) □ Please send more information and Demo Disk Name . Street . City- state. .Zip. Phone . Dealer inquiries welcome (Massachusetts res/dents add 5% sales tax) ^'mBmmH** commands (i.e.. may appear anyirhere within the text): - next character (one character only) printed as a superscript \ - next character (one character only) printed as a subscript " siaiTb iiJuuerxi.nLng vevox^bnxiig oxcepi spsicvBt swps cu imw i.iuixb# T - stop imderlining - print a space (to get more than one in a row) ^ - not printed; use as a ''Command*' character when setting Environment COMIUND LINES - MUST be at the left edge of the text, although the period can be preceded by the " command character* Ko text that is to be printed can be on the same line. Command lines can be ttoyyUneTO in tbe teoct. All commands except those related to footnotes take effect immediately* Embedded commands (but m Command Lines) can appear within footnotes, "n" can be any integer you wantt and it c&n appear anywhere in the line. Sliort ¥&tm Iionger gquivalent Effect on Printout •PP* or .Format Printout .Don't print Signals Prints formatted output; this is the usual mode • D? or .PS .Don't Format .Print Signals Prints everything with no for- matting; shows all signals .C .P .Change typeface .Page Stops output until you hit <RET> Starts new page .im • Bon* t Inderline Spaces «Uaderlii» Spaces Obvious iilqually obvioue .PN .NM •Print plus or Minus • No plus or Minus Plus signs underlined Plus signs not underlined .DPn .SGn or .SCn .Don't Print unless n lines .Save n inches for Graph (has same effect) Avoids isolated headings at bottom Makes n-inch space for insertion of a graph (chart) or table .SP .BP •Start a Footnote .Ehd Footnote Saves all lines until next initial dot for printing as a footnote Obvious - any line starting with a period has the same effect .NMn •SSn •1^ or •HO .PS* . Next Page is number n •Set Spacing at n •Half Spacing •Half spacing On •Full Spacing Changes page numbers during print Qiange from single to doublet etc* Prints empty lines at half spacing (useful in bibliographies) .PN* .CN .Print page Numbers .Don't Number pages Start numbering the pages Stop numbering the pages .PP* .KP .Print "Page" • Mo "Page" Print "Page" in front of numbers ]>on't print "Page** .PB .PM* .NM .Print Boldface .Print plus or Minus . No plus or Minus Print (only) next line boldface All plus signs underlined Plus signs printed as is .IF"X" .Include File "X" X must be exact name of text file * indicates default settings. Tdbk 1. CommmdB tm^g^^ised btf^DMBLOPRT program. Listing continued. GOTOXY(0,23) i WRITE (CHR (29) > ; END; PROCEDURE TOP.PftSEi VAR I: IlfTEGER; BEGIN IF NEWPABE OR (FINISHED AND (J»TCITFILES) ) TI«N EXIT (TaP_PABe} | NEWPAGE:=TRUe; IF PAUSE THEN PAPER_ INSERT; IF (MARGINS > 2) THEN BEGIN WRITELN (DIABLO) ; IF (RUNHEADONUU.! AND CPII@E>1) THEN BEBIN IF Fite^xNT mm (PAemjcE-^i THEN liEiWLACEi -364- TRUNC CLENBTH (RUNHEADI /2) | WRITELN (DIABLO, RUNHEAD: HEADPLACE) END ELSE WRITELN (DIABLO); IF PRINTNUM AND (PAGE >1) THEN WRITELN (DIABLO, PRINTPAGE: PAGEPLACE, ' PAGE) ELSE WRITELN (DIABLO); IF MARGINS>3 THEN FOR I:=l TO (MARGINS-3) DO WRITELN (DIABLO) END ELSE FOR I:=l TO MARGINS DO MRITELN (DIABLO); LINES: ^MARGINS; LMngeonUnued. 70 &id^ May 1984 Circle 30 on Reader Service card. file) that the main file uses. I'm rather fond of the command line system used here; you can make things quite descriptive if you remember which words to capitalize, but you can be starkly brief when you get fully fa- miliar with the system. As shown in Table 1, you can get boldface print by entering (at the left margin) either ".Print Boldface" or ".PB". As the numbers are read separately, it is just as satisfactory to use ".Save 2.75 inches for a Graph" m to write ".SC2.75". There is some redundancy in com- mands; I had trouble remembering whether the command to leave blank ''Programmers must try to accommodate non-precise commands if computers are to be as useful as they can be for us imprecise humans/' space was "Save for Graph" or "Save for Chart", so I decided to make the two equivalent. Similarly, you might want to turn off formatting in order to print a program (and thus use "Don't Format"), but at other times you could want to print any signals in the textfile (so "Print Signals" would seem more logical). It seems to me that program- mers must try to accommodate non- precise commands if computers are to be as useful as they can be for us impre- cise humans. After all the commands are read, the presence of superscripts or sub- scripts is checked, and all the tildes (the characters) are replaced by spaces; this use of tildes as spaces lets you get more than one space in succes- sion (and avoid two spaces after a period, as when printing Mr. or Mrs. and initials) without having to give up the convenience of automatic filling of paragraphs by the Pascal Editor. Finally, we go back to PRINT_ LINE and actually start printing the formatted text. First, any superscripts are printed in the appropriate places, and then the main part of the line is Move your children away from the passive nature of TV viewing and turn them on to the excite- ment and fun of interactive learning with Dow Jones News/Retrieval® With our 20-volume, 30,000 article encyclopedia, Dow Jones News/Retrieval will pique your children's curiosity about the world around them and help them develop new sMlls. The information they need for school is easy to access, always up-to- date, always ready. And kids love to use it! Mom and Dad will like Dow Jones News/Retrieval, too! The whole family will enjoy the unique shop-at-home service, movie reviews, sports and weather. Plus, Dow Jones Current and His- torical quotes— continuously monitored for accuracy by our staff — and exclusive electronic access to instant business and financial news from The Wall Street Journal, Barron's, and the Dow Jones News Service. Overall, you'll find a wide variety of high quality data bases that are easily and quickly ac- cessible with most persoiial computers. To get your children involved, excited and turned on to the fim of learning, turn them on to Dow Jones News/Retrieval. D OW TONES Copyright © 1984 Dow Jones & Company, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Dow Jones News/Retrieval® is a registered trademark of Dow Jones & Company; Inc. FOR FULL DETAILS, CALL 800-345-8500,EXT.5 Alaska, Hawaii and foreign, call 1-215-789-7008, Ext 5 May 1984 feider IJsHng conHnued. CHECK_STDRED; <:Any graph spaces waiting?> IF INSAVED THEN PRINT_INCLFILE; CLEAR_BDTTaMj WRITE ('FILE ' , FILENAHEC J 3 , ' , PAGE ' ,PAGE) ; PAGE: =PAGE+1 ; FOOTPRINTS =FALSE5 END| <TOP_PAGE> PROCEDURE PRINT_FOOT; VAR I, J, STORESPACE: INTEGER; BEGIN FOOTPRINT; =TRUE; NEWPAGE: =FALSE; J : =L I NES+FL I NES+2+M AR6 I NS ; IF J < PAGELEN THEN FOR I:=l TO PASELEN-J DO BEGIN IPut footnotes at the BOTTOM o-f the page> WRITELN (DIABLO) i LINES: =LINES+1 ; ENDf STORESPACE s=CINESPACE; LINESPACEs =1 } CFootnates ALMAYS Sirtale^Spaced> WRITELN (DIABLO,' tSeparator - omit It if you prefer> LINES: =LINES+i; IF <FSTRINGtl3<>NULL) AND (FSTRINGC 130SPACE) THEN BEGIN MRITELNt DIABLO); LINES* =LI NES+1 ; l!«0| REPEAT It-I-i-ll LINES -F8TRINGE II; SHQU.LINE| PROOESS^L I NE ; UNTIL <I«FLINES) OR NOT FOOTPRINT; ^Footprint false in TOP_PAGE> IF I < FLINES THEN -CNot enough room on current page> FOR J;=l TO FLINES-I DO FSTRINeCJl!-FSTRINQEI+J3s CLeftover -Footnote lines> L I NESPACE : =ST0RESPACE5 END; CPRINT-FOOTJ PROCEDURE BOTTOM^PAGEj BEGIN IF NEWPAGE THEN EXIT (BOTTOM PAGE) ; CAvoid blank pages> IF (FLINESO0) AND NOT FOOTPRINT THEN PRINT_FO0T; WR I TE ( DI ABLO, CHR ( 12> ) j TOP _P AGE 5 END; CBOTTOM-PASEJ PROCEDURE TEST_LINES; VAR TEST: INTEGER; BEG I N IF FLINESO0 THEN TEST: =FLINES+HNES+1 ELSE TEST: ^LINES; IF FOOTPRINT THEN TEST:=HNESi IF TEST >=<PAGELEN-MARG INS) THEN BOTTOM_PAQEj END; PROCEDURE LINE_FEED; VAR I, TEST: INTEGER; BEGIN LINES: =LINES+1 ; IF FOOTPRINT THEN EXIT (LINE_FEED) ; IF LINESPACE > 1 THEN BEGIN FOR I:«l TO LINESPACE-1 DO tOne linefeed already in PRINT_LINE> BEGIN LI(«ESr=LINES+l; WRITELN (DIABLO); END; END; TEST_LINES; END; {LINE-FEED} PROCEDURE «RITE_LINE; CONST DASHES=' BEGIN WRITE (DASHES); WRITELN (DASHES); i IF NOT USING "ENTRIES" UNIT, THEN ADD (**I #5: ENTRIES*) HERE> (*tl #5:ENTRIES*) C(«*I #5:DIABL0Z>} Add this next month - contains several goodies> CTh# folloMing two procedures will be replaced by larger versions next iiionth> PROCEDURE CHOOSE^FlLESf BEGIN CLEAR_SCREEN; WRITECEnter the E){ACT name of the file to be printeds *)s READLN (F ILENAMEt 13); TOTFILESs =1 ; END; PROCEDURE BTANDARD_FORM; BEGIN FORMATTING: =TRUE; PLUSMINUSs =TRUE; PRINTNUMs =TRUEs PAUSEi -FALSE; UNDERSPACEs -FALSE; PAGE: «1 ; HARGINSs «6; LIt«£SPACEs =1 ; HEADPLACEs "75; PAGEPLACEs ==73; PRI MTPAGE s «• Page' I END; PROCEDURE GENERAL_II45TR; BEGIN CLEAR^SCREENi WRITELN i'Thls program alloMts the user to print Pascal text files from*); WRITELN Cany drive in any desired order. The boot disk must beM ; WRITELN ("present to START the program, but It can be replaced NOW'); WRITELN ('with a diskette containing text to be printed-'); WRITELN; END; <:GENERAL_ INSTRUCT I ONS> PROCEDURE MAKE_SPACING (N: INTEGER); (Check your printer manual for these> ^SIN €This works on a Diablo or Xerox printer! WRITE (DIABLO, CHR (27) , CHR (30) , CHR (N+1 ) ) ; END; PROCEDURE BET_CAPS CVAR Ss STRING); VAR I: INTEGER; BEGIN IMk^emOimied. printed. This is done on a character- by-character basis, and any imbedded signak are filtered out as printing oc- curs. This analysis also makes it very easy to count the number of words in the manuscript; any space not pre- ceded by another space is considered to represent a word separator. The pro- gram starts underlining just after it encounters a " " siffual and stops when a "I" appears. I can tell you from much experiencje that you will under- Hne a lot of text if you forget the "I"; I made the mistake so many times that I finally put in a 160-character limit to avoid wasting page after page this ''The whole thmg happens aknost as fast as most printers can print/' way. N^, any subscripts are printed; they were removed and stored by CHECK_SIGNALS. Finally, if the line is to be printed boldface, the paper is scrolled up one line, the printhead is moved 1/120 inch to the right, and the whole process is repeated oni^e again. Fortunately, Pascal operates so fast that the whole thing happens almost as fast as most printers can print. At the end of each line, LINE FEED is called to add extra linefeeds if double or triple (or greater) spacing is required. It calls TEST__LINES to see if the bottom of the page has been reached; if so it calls BOT- TOM_PAGE, which, in turn, calls PRINT_JDOT to print footnotes, if any. One of the hardest things to solve was the infuriating situation that oc- curs when long footnotes occur in the text where there is not aiough space left to print them. This program prints any leftover footnote lines as the first footnote on the next page. (At least my solution is no worse than one $300 + commercial word processor I have; it suggested that you reprint the entire document, inserting a "page" com- mand just before the line that contains the troublesome footnote.) This was the last feature added to tfcds program, and it may still contain a fiew bugs lurking in the background. I have tested it every , way I can, but (unlike 72 feider May 1984 Would You like to Make Programming Just Plain Easfef? Easier to Learn- Easier To Do— and 3 Times Faslet?! The HoUywood Hardware Hrmware Enhancement System WbrYottNeed It: We tal^e dl the enhancements that transform the ^ple from a novelty to a powerful instrument, and hook them into the operating system, installed on their own FIRMWARE card. NO disk loading, NO loss of available memory space, NO interfecc with other programs. The system never need be removed - it is unhooked with two keystrokes, lehooked with four. ALWAYS IN IHE MACHINE. NEVER IN THE my. Hie Response: We Get a Lot of Nice Comments: . . Excellent product, flawless . . " Phil Daley " . . Holl]^wood Hardware has developed an elegant solution ... if mokes editing an Applesoft program all it should have been in the first place, and then some. "... SOFTALK review . . The best thing for the Apple mme the disk" Edwmrd t3e€feer Hie Ba^ Sfslem Indttdcst $189^ a) The ULTRA-ROM BOARD (APB102A) Installs 32K of fimiware space in any slot of your II, 11+, //e. Requires no program memory. "Nice looking, high quality hardware.". . . Robert Zedelis b) GPLE 4.2: Enhanced version of the original editor that ALLOWS good programming practice. GLOBAL SEARCH; automatic EDIT or REPLACE; INSERT, DHHIE, FIND, ZAP; CASE CONVERT and RESTORE variables, or charactcre. We guarantee yoti wiD never want to be witfiout it FUNCTIONS: Sits between the keyboard and the rest of the i^ypJe - so any key can double as a FUNCTION KEY that generates a whole cmmnand string. Over 60 of the most used are provided as MACROs. System users never type "CATALOG. Dl". or SAVE <fflename>". Just type TWO keys: ESC 1, or ESC CTRL-S. CUSTOMIZE and save your own macros! "The most powerful program tool I have ..." Robert Wilson "// you program, md hamn't used a line editor, get one r^ht awoj/. . . " Micro Magazine review c) FMS: The FIRMWARE Bl[AIIAG£M£NT SVSIEM Hnds and enaHes desired routine with automatic bank switching. New ROMS are recogrtoi automaticafly. "... The integrated memory monagment system is one of the best futures of the board. " Mark Simonson, Beagle Brothers. d) APU-1: Over 25 UTILITIES. Invoked by the "&" key: Ultra &5t searches, Garbaged program recoveiy. Instant numerical conversions, Graphics state contiob. Lan^ge extensions tike PRINT USING and IF, THEN, ELSE are included, and provided in disk form for pottabSity. "... P. S. love it! Can hardly wait for more!** Paul FtJX Optlotial Additions Include: e) mm AFU-2: stmel^J^^BER rnddHIDE, mubiMERGE, VRBSmM $35^ (3^053 REFa^fe^JtfONUMBER NEW programs by Paul Johnsoa Far more^lw^RiS irastake proof than other versions... and you don't destroy yt^Wm^rogram loading them in from <fisk. They are always at hand. " . .: NEW!! COPY ZAP by Glen Btedon - author or BIG MAC. SMART DISK $39^® COPIER, and ZAP utilities written for our system. Also copies 40 track disks! Hit "&COPY" and watch! g) NEWII ROM DEVELOPEMENT SYSTEM: Program your own firmware! Cggoo Includes software, documentation and emulation RAM. 12 Bit 16 Channel Data Acquistion 12 BIT 16 CH. A/D SIGNAL CONDITIONING AD16B S299« ★ IRQ or NMI INTERRUPT ★ PRECISION SAMPLE & HOLD ★ EXTERNAL START CONVERT ★ HIGH SPEED - 25.000 CONV/SEC ★ 7 VOLTAGE RANGES ★ PRECISION REFERPICE OUT ★ SUCCESSIVE A#ftOX. CONVERTOR *C6^/1PLETE SOFmRE INCL DEMOSCOPE A16G $7995 ★ BOLT-ON FITS IN APPLE ★ 16 OP AMPS ★ eaci^^yw^nel separate gpM% filtering A8D from $149»5 ★ 2 to 8 CHANNELS ★ TKUE DIFFER^rm INPUTS ★ BOLT-QILffllJj MKE ★ < Cf^ ★ GAINS OF 1, la 100, 1000 PRO-1 PROTOTYPING BOARD THE BIGGEST THE BEST $2995 ★ ALL ICS LETTERED BY COLUMN, NUMBERED BY ROW ★ ACCEPTS ALL STANDARD SOCKETS - UP TO 52 (16 PIN) ★ NUMBERED INPUT & OUPUT PINS ACCEPT I.D.S. CONNECTOR ★ ±5 AND ±12 SUPPUES HANDY & WITH SPACE FOR HLTERING ★ GOLD PLATED EDGE CONNECTOR, PREMIUM BLACK BOARD 48 line Parallel I/O PD48 $249^5 W/50 COND. RIBBON CABI£ ★ 25 FILTERED UNES IN ★ 23 BUFFERED UNES OUT ★ INTERRUPTINPUT ★ 4 TIMERS ADDITIONAL FINE PRODUCTS: ★ MACROIECH MEMORY EXPANSION DISCUIATOR 64K DISCULATOR 128K - $379.95 — 459.95 ★ ANCHOR AUTOMATION MODEMS VM-1 VOLKSMODEM 300 BAUD — $64.95 VM-1 CABLE — 9.95 SIGNALMAN MARK IL 300 BAUD — 79.95 MARK VII. 300 BAUD, AUTO — 109.95 MARK XII SMART MODEM — 299.95 300/1200 BAUD AUTO ANSWER BELL 212, RS 232, HAYES* COMPATABLE ★ HOLLYWOOD HARDWARE T-SHIRT SM. MED.LG.XLG ♦TRADEMARK HAYES MICROCOMPUTER PRODUCTS — 12.00 HoUywood Esadwue 6842 VALJEAN AVENUE, VAN NUYS. CA 91406 (818) 989-1204 « 1^ HEiL RONON, som \mtm ucense etoif sniERGisnc sqfiwjire / appie is a regisibred iradeuabk o!f mi£ comfuiers mc. Circle 405 on Pleader Service card. •Z'] THEN Is =1+1 ELSE Lktmg continued. IF S=NULL THEN EX IT (GET_CAPS) ; I:=l; REPEAT IF SCI3 IN C'A' BEGIN DELETE (S, I»l>j IF I > 1 THEN I«=I-l| END; UNTIL I>LEN6TH(S)r IF LENGTH (S)«l THEN Ss =CONC AT (S. SPACE) ; END} PROCEDURE PRINT_UNCHANGEDs <FaBter print with no for»atting> VAR I: INTEGER; BEGIN IF LINEONULL THEN IF (LINECUO'.') AND (LENGTH (LINE) >1 ) THEN FOR I: =2 TO LENGTH (LINE) DO IF (LINEC I 3-SPACE) AND (LINEC I-l 3<>8PACE> THEN WORDS: ==WORDShi-1{ WRITELN (DIABLO, LINE); WORDS : =WORDS+ 1 ; CLast one on line> LINE FEED; END; PROCEDURE PRINT_LINE; VAR SUPERSCRIPT, SUBSCRIPT! BOOLEAN; SUP , SUB , I , TEMP s I NTEGER ; CH: CHAR; SUPERCH,SUBCH! PACKED ARRAY CI.. 40 3 OF CHAR; UNDERSET! SET OF CHAR; SAVELINEi STRING; PROCEDURE PRINT_SUP; {Requirn negative linefeeds) VAR S, 1: INTEGER; BEGIN MAKE_SP AC I NG ( PART 1 AL ) ; WRITE (DIABLO, CNR (27) ,CHR( 10) > ; ^Negative linefeed on DiabIo> IF NOT (LINEC13 IN COHMANDSET) THEN WRITE (DIABLO, SPACE); S:=0; FOR I: =2 TO LENGTH (LINE) DO BEGIN IF LINECI-n = "^' THEN BEGIN Si=S+l; WRITE (DIABLO, SUPERCHCSl); END ELSE IF NOT (LINEtn IN COMMANDSET) THEN WRITE (DIABLO, SPACE); END; tLine completed) WRITELN (DIABLO); tBack to main line> MAKE_SPACING (NORMAL); END; €PRINT-SUPERSCRIPTS> PROCEDURE PRINT_SUBS; Listing continued. most other parts of the program) the footnote features have not been in use in my laboratory for two years or so. Scientific writing doesn't use footnotes very much. The main program ends with a bit of decoration at the bottom of the screen, and the file has been printed, formatted just as you wanted it. Entering the Program If all this description makes you think the program is worth the trouble of entering and compiling it, you should note a few things. First of all, this program is long; tibe textfile (not including die ENTRIES portion) oc- cupies 40 blocks, which is the most the Apple Pascal system can handle. (Don't add extra spaces or comments; they won't fit.) So you must turn on the swapping option to get it all entered. This is done by going to the "Com- mand:" level and typing S. Youll see Circle 247 on Reader Service card. Put ajjjtor in Your Apple Computer... You m»i be able to reduce "jour taxes b^ Dealer inquiries welcome. gistered trademark of Apple Computers and sink your teeth into quality educational software from one of America's leading sources... Dorsett Educational Systems. We have over 1000 tutorial programs available! All feature full-time audio narra- tion, easy to read upper- and lower-case charac- ters, and visuals that clearly illustrate key concepts. These programs are designed to let students learn at their own pace, whether they are kindergarten level or college graduates; slow or exceptionally fast learners. And, anyway you slice it, the price for our software is ripe. Why not bite into our Apple tutorial programming today? Only $4.40 per program ($8.80 for 2, one on each side of a half -hour cassette). $59.90 for 16 pro- grams (8 cassettes) in an album. Apple II requires a T/T Plug-in board, $99.00, and T/T Stereo Cassette Player. $79.90. Send for a catalog of over 1000 programs for Apple, Atari, TRS-80, etc. For more information, write or call: TOLL FR EE 1-800-654-3871 rS) DORSETT i^BH^^ Educational Systems, Inc. S - " Box 1226, Norman, OK 73070 74 feider May 1984 the prompt: Swapping is off. Toggle Swapping? Type Y in response. It will look as if notfiing happened, but you can now have 40 blocks in a textfile, rather than the usual limit of 34. This is mentioned on page 7 of the Addendum to the Ap- ple Pascal Operating System Reference Manual; I don't think it works in the 1.0 version of Apple Pascal. If you are using that system, you will have to break the Diablo textfile into two parts and treat the second part as an indude- file using the (*$I fQename*) compiler directive. You'll have to do that to get the GET_CHAR, GET_ENTRY, and VALUE utilities, too, if you didn't put my ENTRIES unit in your SYSTEM.LIBRARY as described in the January 1983 issue of inCider. A somewhat shortened version is pre- Listmg continued. INTEGERS VAR S, I: BEG I (4 MAKE.SPACXNG (PARTIAL) ; MR! TELN (DIABLO); {Positive linefeed} S:=0;IF NOT (LINECID IN COMHANDSET) THEN WRITE (DIABLO, SPACE); Ii=l; REPEAT I;=I+li IF LINECI-13='\' THEN BEBiN S:=S+1; WRITE (DIABLO, SUBCHCS3 ) ; END ELSE IF NOT (LINECI3 IN COMMANDSET) THEN WRITE (DIABLO, SPACE); UNTIL S=SUB; MAKE_SPACING (REMAINDER); WRITELN (DIABLO); MAKE.SPACING (NORMAL); END; {PRINT-SUBS> PROCEDURE CHECK SIGNALS; VAR I: INTEGER; PROCEDURE READ_COMMAND; VAR COMMAND, STORED: STRING; I I INTEGER; FUNCTION GET_NUM; REAL; BEGIN IF STORED=NULL THEN EX IT (GET_NUM) ; 1: = 1; REPEAT IF STOREDCI3 IN C ' . ' , ' 0' . . ' 9' 1 THEN I: =1+1 ELSE BEGIN DELETE (STORED, I, 1) ; IF I > 1 THEN I: =1-1; END; UNTIL I >LENGTH (STORED) ; GET_NUMs = (VALUE (STORED) ) | END; PROCEDURE INCLUDE_FILE; VAR IMMEDIATE! BOOLEAN; FIRST, SECOND, N: INTEGER; PROCEDURE BET_OUT; BEGIN WRITE(CHR(7} } ; WRITELN (DIABLO); WRITELN (DIABLO, 'CAN" T USE ' , INFILE) | WRITELN (DIABLO) ; LINES* =LINES+3; EXIT(INCLUDE_FILE) ; END; BEGIN IF INSAVED THEN PRINT_INCLFILE; CONLY ONE AT A TIME> COMMAND: =CONCAT (COMMAND, SPACE, SPACE) ; Listing continued. Circle 352 on Header Service card. 6301 B Manchaca Rd. Austin, TX 78745 Alpha Ptot $24.95 Apple Mechanic 19.95 Beagle Bag 19.95 Beagle BASIC 23.95 DiskQuick 19.95 DOS Boss 15.95 Double Take 22.95 Flex Type 19.95 Frame-Up 19.95 GPLE 32.95 Pronto DOS 19.95 Silicon Salad 16 95 Tip Disk #1 13.95 Typefaces 13.95 Utility City 19.95 Ultima til 39.95 Caverns of Callisto 22.95 Zork I, II. or III ea. 24.95 Starcross 24.95 Deadline 32.95 Suspended 32.95 Witness 32.95 Planetfall 32.95 Enchanter 32.95 Infidel 32,95 PFS: File 79.95 PFS: Report 79.95 PFS; Graph 79.95 PFS: Write 79.95 Bounc. Kannungas 13.95 Coveted Mirror 13.95 Min\t Man 13.95 Quest 13.95 Transylvania 13.95 Graphics Magician 38.95 Chivalry 34.95 Old Ironsides 27.95 Sticky Bear ABC 26.95 Shapes 26.95 Opposites 26.95 Basket Bounce 26.95 BOP 26.95 Numbers 26,95 Hard Hat Mack 26.95 Axis Assassin 26.95 Last Gladiator 26.95 OneOn-One 29.95 Standing Stones 29.95 Pinball Construct. 29.95 Music Construct. 29.95 Cut & Paste 37.95 Wizardry 32.95 Knight of Dta. 22.95 Legacy of Llylga. 26.95 Crypt of Medea 24.95 AIRSIM-3 35.95 Spitfire Simulator 31,95 Aztec 27.95 Crypto Cube 27.95 Flip Out 19.95 Repton 26.95 Time Zone 69.95 Star Blazer 22.95 Aerobics 31.95 Alphabet Zoo 20.95 Delta Drawing $34.95 Face Maker 24,95 Hey Diddle Diddle 20.95 Kinder Comp 20.95 Rhymes & Riddles 20.95 Snooper Troops 29.95 Story Machine 24.95 Most Amaz. Thing 26.95 Flight Simulator II 36.95 Lode Runner 23.95 Maze Craze 27.95 Cosmic Balance 27.95 S.E.U.I.S. 27.95 Germany 1985 41.95 Geopolitique 1990 27.95 Sammy Lightfoot 20,95 Stellar 7 22.95 Castle Wolfen. 20.95 Millionaire 41.95 ~ Cross Word Magic 34.95 Choplifter 24.95 Zaxxon 25.95 Miner 2049er 25.95 Learning w/Leeper 24.95 Sargon III 34.95 Titan Empire 24,95 Home Accountant 47,95 The Accountant 99.95 VersaForm 248.95 Dollars & Sense 69.95 VisiCalc3.3 146.95 MultiPlan 169.95 Incredible Jack 124.95 MasterType 27.95 Bank Street Writer 43.95 Homevword 46.95 Screen Writer II 81.95 Zardax 154.95 Magic Window II 93.95 Sensible Speller 78.95 Visible 6502 39.95 Micro Cookbook 27.95 Fontrix 52.95 Ess. Data Dup. 48.95 Copt II Plus 23.95 Locksmith 5.0 73,95 Mailing List 34.95 FCM 65.95 CompuServe Pack 29.95 ThinkTank 104.95 Wildcard 79.95 Wildcard 2 104.95 Datalife Analyzer 24.95 Zoom Grafix 32.95 ASC II Profess. 85.95 Mockinboard 149.95 Koala Pad 84.95 Gemini 10X 279.95 Flip-N-Fite 19.95 Dynax DX-15 444.95 Personal cfiecks oltow 7 weeks We occept Visa & MasrerCofd (odd 3% fw handling} Send or call with card no & exp dote Include S3 00 ror ship- ping (printers & nnorvitofs SIQOO) OfHO residents odd r, 'i% stole sales tox. Prices ore subject fo chorige without notice. COMPUTER PRODUCTS ■ Box 523 I— ^1 Columbus, Ohio 43216 1 I (614) 863-1699 OR TOLL-FREE OUTSIDE OHIO 1-800-272-1600 I MMED I ATE : =COMMAND C 3 3 = ' I ' ; COMMAND I =STORED; N:=0; FIRST I =POS('"', COMMAND); IF FIRSTO0 THEN DELETE < COMMAND, FIRST, 1 ) 5 SECOND: =POS("" vCOMHAND} | IF (FIRST-0> OR (8EC0ND-#I THEN BEBIIM INFILE:=CGMMAND; GET_aUT; END J INF ILE t *COPY (COMMAND, F I RST , SECOND-F I RST ) ; ei]rniXYC0,^)| NRITECRMding %INFIUE>s ft«I-«l RESETCIMCLFILE^INFILEIf C««l4-«) IF ZCIRE8ULT=0 THEN BEBIN . IF NOT IMMEDIATE THEN WHILE NOT EOF(INCLFILE) 00 BEGIN INCL_LINE; WRITE ('.'); IF LINE="THEN N:=N+1 ELSE IF LINEC !]<>'.' THEN N:=N+1; END; END ELSE GET_OUT; CLOSECINCLFILE) ; OOTOXY (0, 23) | WRITE CN, ' Lin«s included. ')| IF (<LINES4-N) <= (PAOELEN-rMReiNS)) OR IHHEDIATE THEN PRINT_INCLFILE ELSE INSAVEDt -TRUEs END I iINCLUDE-FILE> PROCEOUf^ FOOT I VAR St STRINB; ENDFOOTs BODLEANi PROCEDURE GET^LINE; BEGIN IF INCLUDING THEN INCL_LINE ELSE NEXT_LINE; S!=LINE; END; BEGIN IF FLINES>=MAXFOOT THEN EXIT (READ_FOOT) ; FSTRINetFLINES3l -SPACE; FLINES: =FLINES+1 ; CSpace between footnotes} GET LINE; -CRewove CoMMand, get first line of footnote> F8TRINBCFLXNE83 1 -LINEf ENDFOOTs °^AL8E| REPEAT eET.LIflEi IF S=*«JLL THEN Ss -SPACE; {Avoid value rmn^m •rror nmnt lin»> IF SC1]=' . ' THEN ENDFDOTi=TRUE ELSE coth«r Signals not Allowed> BEGIN <Add another line to the ^aotnote} FLINES: =FLINES+1 ; FSTRINGCFLINES3 : =S; UNTIL ENDFOOT OR CFLIN^-tWIXFOOTM TEST_LZNESf CBtartlng printing footnotw if nmcmmBmry far tt to fit> ENOl CREAD-FOOT> PROCEDURE SI«VE_FaR.CHARTs VAR SPACESs XNTESERy BEGIN SPACES !=ROUND(6«GET_NUM) ; IF LINES+SPACES <= PAGELEN - MARGINS THEM BEGIN {Enough space on the current pag*> FDR ts»l TO SPACES DO HRITELN CDIABLOl | L I NE5: =4_INE84«PACES3 END ELSE BEBIN iNot wicMiji^ «pac«| fiava to pmt on n«Mt pagii^ NHILE C8AVE.SPACESi:X]<>«} AND it<M DO Ii-Mf eftVE_Sf*ACE8CI3i- END; END; PROCEDURE CHECK_LINES; VAR 5: INTEGER; BEGIN St-ROUND(6ET NUM) | IF S+LINES ENDi >• Pftfm rW-HARBINB THEN BOTTaH.PA8E| FmmmmE interrupt^printi BEBIN CLEAR.BOTTONi NRITELN{CHR< 7), 'Change tha daiaynliMl as dasircd| firaaa <RETURN>')| UNITCLEAR(1)| READLN; END; BEGIN CMAIN READ-COMMAND> DELETE <LINE, 1,1); {Remove tha aignai> COMMAND: =L I NE; STORED: ==COMMAND| BET_CAPS( COMMAND) ; <You can add your own commands here - custoalza tha progr««> CASE COMMANDCn OF {COMNAND Linas> 'C's INTERRUPT.PRINT; CO 'D't CASE C0mANDC23 OF 'F'B FORHATTINBi-^ALKi <DF> 'N't PRINTMJNi»FAL6E| <DN> *P'i CHECK_LINE8| C»Pn> 'S'l FORHATTINGi-TRUEl {DS> 'U'! UNDERSP ACE: -FALSE <DU> END; 'F': CASE COnMANDC2] OF 'P'l FDRnATTINBi-TnUEi €FP> 'S*i HALFi«FAL8E| CF8> END; 'H': IF CDMMANDi:23 IN C'SS'b'l THEN HALFl-TmiE; 'I': IF COMMANDC2]='F' THEN XNCLUDE_F1LE| 'N': CASE COMMANDi:23 OF PLUSM I NUS : =FALSE ; { NM> PA6Ei=R0UND(G£T_NUM)-l; CNNn> IMingcanlinmd, 76 6ider May 19S4 VV^dontloiciw why they never built one. But we know ^why we built the Abacus Portable. We built it because we recog- nized the pure logic of an Apple and CP/M compatfbtethat wasn't deskbound. Chances are, you have, too. Especially if you're already using an Apple. The Abacus Portable runs all the same software and peripherals. It runs them just as well. And it will do something your Apple can't do. It will go wherever you go. With a price starting at $1795, porta- bility alone makes Abacus an unexpected value. But there's more. Abacus includes quality features found in the world's finest portables. There's a 9-inch amber monitor. A detachable keyboard , with true upper and lower case, auto repeat and 40 function keys. 80K RAM. Choice of one or two half-height disk drives. And a rugged aluminum case. \bu11 find features like these on the world's finest computers. That's why you'll find them on the Abacus Portable. We've also included the Magic software collection from ArtSci. That's over $700 worth of word processor, spelling dictionary, spread sheet and data base. It's quality software for a quality computer. And it's free with the Abacus Portable. If you want more, check out our Abacus Perfect 80 option. It includes Perfect Writer, Perfect Speller, Perfect Calc and Perfect Filer. . .the hottest software around . . . plus an Advanced Logic Systems 80 Magic is a registered trademark of ArtSci, Inc. Perfect is a fBgist&red trademarl< of Perfect Software, Inc. PCMate is a registered trade ma ri< of Com pu Source, Inc. Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc. IBM isa registered trademark of International Business Machines Corporation. column card. Add it up and you've got well over $2000 worth. Buy an Abacus Portable and the Perfect 80 package is yours for just $299. You can expect to stay with Abacus for a long time. That's because we designed Abacus to grow and change with your computing needs. You can start with a single disk drive and add your second drive later. You can begin with Apple and CP/M software and add our PCMate IBM compatability upgrade. And the Abacus Portable is part of a complete line of quality hardware and software that also includes the fully compat- ible Abacus desktop. You see, we don't just build Abacus computers to meet your needs. We build them to live up to your expectations. To order the Abacus Portable, call collect (612) 340-1468 9AM-5PM CST for the name of your nearest Abacus dealer. 510 No. First Ave., Suite 408, Mpls., MN 55403 Value that computes. Circle 501 on Reader Service card. May 1984 feider 77 (ASCII CHR to send for the Specified Function) FUNCTION DIABLO 620 EPSON MX-80 APPLE DOT MATRIX DAISYrfRITEH (Also Apple LQP) (with Graftrax) (not tested*) (See note) Backspace B Negative Linefeed 27,10 Partial Spacing 27,50,n+1 (vertical) (n/48 inch) Partial Spacing 27,31,n+1 (horizontal) (n/128 inch) Not Available ^7,6^.n (n/72 inch) Not Available 8 27,144 CHR(B) ESG/R' .0,1 27,84, n,0 ESC,8,0,n (n/144 inch) (n/4B inch) Not Available Not needed Boldface Not available 27,69 27,53 ESC,'0' (Alternative to partial horizontal spacing to emphasize characters) ^These commands were read from tiie Dot Matrix Printer Reference Card, but could not be tested with the equipment available to me* Note - for the Daisywriter, these signals are sent as letters and numbers indicated - i,e, a negative linefeed is obtained by WH1TE(DIABL0,CHR(27) ,'R' ,0,1 ); and boldface printing is turned on by WRITE(DIABL0,CHR(27),'0'); (letter 0, not zero). Table 2. Printer signals used in DIABLOPRT, sented here (}ess error checking, no ^- ponentials, etc., in the VALUE func- tion); it can be used as an include-file for the main DIABLOPRT program, if you don't want to use the LIBRARY unit. Unless you have a printer exactly Hke mine (a Xerox 1700, which is es- sentially identical to a Diablo 630; the new Apple Letter Quality Printer re- sponds to the same commands), you will have to do a Uttle research in your printer manual to see what commands to transmit to get the desired printer response. I've put together a list for the few printers for which I could find manuals (see Table 2), but these thinp can be hard to find. Possibly you could write the manufacturer of your printer if the manual doesn't have the necessa- ry information. Depending upon the quirks of your printer, you might have to make changes in procedures MAKE_SPACING, PRINT_SUP, PROF. JONES' PROFESSIONAL COMPUTER SYSTEM A. Apple Soff" compatible {with Apple Filer) B. GPM^" compatible (includes card) C. 64K memory D. Disk drive E. Drive controller F. High resolution monitor (green) G. All cables etc. H. Your choice of one gambling program by Prof. Jones Complete $H H QCOO Price I I9w (until I run out) Circle 49 on Reader Sen/ice eard. MASTER HORSE HANDICAPPER" EVALUATES FROM RACING FORM! Age Gender Post (Today) Class Jockey (Today) Post (Last) Condition Jockey (Last) Speed Consistency Length Trainer Earnings Time of Year Workouts And gives you GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION of finish ADAPTS TO ANY TRACK IN THE WORLD Quickly and easily be changing data statements relating to local track records/jockeiys and trainers. COMPLETE INSTRUCTIONS INCLUDED TH. Master Thoroughbred Handicapper'" A "Full Featured" Throroughbred Program for the professional and serious novice. A menu driven program that deals with "all" relevant variables found on the RACING FORM. MEM 32K *99" QH. Master Quarterhorse Program"" Complete Quarterhorse analysis designed for the "close" finishes involved in this type of race. This program is designed around intricate "Speed" ratings but includes all handicapping Variabljes. Complete with instructions. MEM 32K $9995 MB. Master Bettor'** ' NEW A compliment to ALL Master Handicapper pro- grams, includes: 1) Win/Place/Show 2)Quinella 3) Exacta 4) Trifecta 5) Pik Six 6) Daily Double 7) Money Management 8) Odds Analysis 9) and Much More. A perfect program designed to use results from all Master Programs to generate "best bet" MEM 16K *59^5 Apple'" is the trademark of Apple Computer, Inc. GOLD EDITION GLD. ENHANCED "GOLD" EDITIONtm The ultinnate analysis system including everything on Progrann THtm plus: 1) Daily Track Variance # Distance range 3 furlongs to 2) Expanded instructions 1% miles (1 mi. 70 yds.) 3) Enhanced Error Trapping S) + + More >159 95 DA. Mast«r Dog Aivatysis'*' The only professional dog handicapper on the market, includes: 1) Speed 6) Condition 2) Post Today 7) Running Style 3) Kennel 8) Weight 4) Post Lane 9) plus much more, 5) Distance If you are near a greyhound track, you can't afford not to use this program. MEM 32K *9995 Professor Jones' Football Predictor, Prof. Fix This complete football analysis will predict: 1) Overlays 2) Point spreads 3) "Superplays" 4) "Over/Under" Bets. For NFUUSL/College. Specify Mod I/I 1 1 J _ $1 995 D $2495 Track Management " NEW A revolutionary data base program designed to keep records on "ALL" horses or dogs running at a track. Can also be used to expand Jockey/Trainer stats in all Master Handicapper"' programs. A MUST FOR THE SERIOUS HANDICAPPER. (48K, Disk Only) *69" HARDWARE Disk Drive '229« Controller ........ . .................. . *5y* Echo Speech Synthesizer *249»* Echo][ *139« Orange Grappler + '149*^ Buffer Board *129« High Res Monitors CALL ENTERTAINMENT "Saigon, The Final Days" "Programmers Flight System " PROGRAMS AVAILABLE FOR: WE CARRY TRS-80 I. III. 4 MANY Apple'" II, It-, IIE . ' , ITEMS CRM 2.2: 3.0 NOT SOON: MS-DOS. MOD 100 LISTED - Send check / money order / VISA / Mastercharge (Include expiration date) to: Prof. Jones 1114 N. 24th St. Boise, ID 83702 48 HOUR SHIPPING call 208-342-6939 M-F 8-7 MST TERMS: FREE SHIPPING ALL SOFTWARE. Add $6.00 hardware / C.O.D. Add $6,00 ^ Add 3 weeks personal checks / Add 4.5% ID residents / Add $6.00 outside U.S.A. / Prices subject to change. "NEVER LOSE DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED AGAIN" 78 &ider May 19S4 PRINT_SUBS, and PRINT_LINE (the PRINTBOLD part) to make things work properly on your printer. And if (like the Epsons) your printer can't do negative linrfeeds, youTl have to take an entirely different approach to su- perscripts. There are so many differ- ences among printers that I just couldn't write anything universal for this problem. If your printer can't do variable line spacing, you might be able to employ half-linefeeds for super- scripts and subscripts (this is not quite as satisfactory because it gives slight overlap when single spacing). That would require some modification of the PRIhTLSUP and PRINTLJSUBS procedures. Good luck in entering and compil- ing this program. Next month we'll add the format choice and file entry procedures that make DIABLOPRT capable of printing a whole book with- out any attention from you. ■ 'P's PRINTPAGEr=NULL; 'S's HALF:=FALSE; END; CASE C0MMANDC2] DF ' BOTTOM_PAGE; ' B ' : PR I NTBOLD : =TRUE ; ' M ' : PLUSM I NUS : =TRUE ; 'N's PRINTNUM:=TRUE; 'P': PRINTPAGE:='Page tNP> iNS> tPB> FDRMATTINB: =FALSEi tPN> <PP> tPS> END; *S'l CASE COMnANDC2] OF 'C','B': SAVE_FOR_CHART; {SC or SG> 'F's READ_FaOT; 'S': LINESPACE:=TRUNC(SET_NUM) 5 <SSn > END; 'U': IF CDt1MANDC23='S' THEN UNDERSPACE= =TRUE5 END; END; C READ-COMMAND > BEGIN {MAIN CHECK-SI6NALS> IF LINE»NULL THEN LINEs "^SPACE; {Avoid value range error^> IF LINEEi3='.' THEN BEGIN READ_COMMAND; EXIT<PRINT_LINEI ; END; SUPERSCRIPTS =FALSE; SUBSCRIPT: =FALSEj SUPJ=0| SUB5=0j {Initializing> FOR I:=l TO LEN6TH ILINE) DO BEGIN CH==LINEEI3; CASE CH OF BEGIN SUPS=SUP+1; SUPERCHeSUP3s=LINELI+13| LINEC I+l 3 s ==SPACE5 mjPERSCRIPTi "TRUE; END; '\'s BEGIN SUB:=SUB+1; SUBCHi:SlJB3:^LINEEH-13; L I NEE I+l 3 : ^SPACE; SUBSCRIPT I "TRUE; END; LINEi:n:=SPACE; END; {CASE> END; ^FDR I > END; {CHECK-SIGNALS> BEGIN {MAIN PRINT-LINE> {This is the main part of the program> HAKE.SPACING (NORMAL) ; Listing continued. Circle 344 on Reader Service card. THE BULDINQ BL0CK8 Or A GREAT SYSTEM ^ amaiino ^ MICRO-GRIP We cany a full line of computer supplies at wholesale prices. Check our costs and you'll discover that there's no need to look elsewhere. — This Month's Moneysaver — " DISKETTES i^B Finally! A way to add inexpensive frictbn feed to your Epson-type printer. We have Micro-Grip^! Now, instead of buying a new printer to accept both tractor and friction feed (very expensive!}, we've manufactured a device to upgrade your old system for a frac- tion of the cost. Installed with a screwdriver, Micro-Grip'^ does not disturb the tractor capabilities of your printer. For Epson MX- ro/80, RX80 and printers ttased on the Epson design, such as the IBM PC, Commodore and HP. Micro-Grip® — Built jy Us to Save You Time and Money.* NO. QUANTITY PRICE* #670 ' 1-5 39.95/EA, 6-11 35.95/EA. 12 ON UP 29.96/ EA m. •PLUS SHIPPING 1LB./EA, SYNCOM» Diskettes are 100% error-free, with a Write Enable Notch and a reinforced hub. Eaet) come with a pFdeciive lyvek* envek^. extrwnely (Enable ma gumtH as0m msc ctiwge. UMtmi Guarantee & meels aN Industry standards (ISO. ECMA. ANSUJIS) 10 in a package, polybagged and shrink-wrapped ami ooma with labels. DS, DD are IBM compatible. Price per bag wr, i ib. No. Ham 1-10 1 1-24 25 on up #626 5%. SS.DD 17.00 16.00 15.00 #627 5VV DS.DD 22.00 21.00 20.00 NOTE: SS. DD can bs mad Tyvek* is a registered trademark of DuPont Co. $39:95 "Wms MtenMlirrp^l«nG««sutwffttii»lio^ 8 ratrolit iMchanlani tor thefHirpMe (rf ofaialfihfiQ sinflte sitast corrssfioridaiioe from yotirtraetor faed printer. For Credit Card Orders ONLY! Call Toll Free 1-B00-2K-8249 P.O. BOX 60 • DEPT. I N5 • WOLLASTON, MA 021 70-0060 • 61 7-963-5510 TERMS & CONDmONS A minimum order of 10.00 Is required, not Including shipping. Prices effective 2/1 /84 and are subject to chartge without notice. Automatic cradtt Is extendad to federal agencies, out to keep ourprieaa com- paHttWiiiNifiiiist raouaat payment witfi ofdwafroniiriiolliaFjiidMdiiala and lAidliillem. fk>. C.dD. s. Fr«ight chMgaa addidfo endlt card ontefs. AR olhera shipped freight-collMA CASH ONLY. No nmr- ctiandtoe may be returned wtthout prior wrtttan authorization from this oMce. Merehandlso ordered in error or not wanted Is sui})ac4 to a 25% fvstocMiM charge. OalBctlve material rt ' returns limnsdto a mar^iandlse credit only, salastaii. rnplaced at no charge. All y. Mass. residents add 5% May 19S4 &ider 79 Circle 526 on Reader Service card ALL the software you need at 30% OFF For Your Convenience: O ORDER TOLL FREE 24 Hours a Day 7 Days a Week NATIONAL: 1-800-732-2666 NEW YORK STATE: 1-800-441-4442 SPEEDY SERVICE $3.00 shipping and handling charge for ANY SIZE ORDER. New York State residents add appropriate sales tax. NO EXTRA CHARGE for MasterCard or Visa ■ Allow 2 weeks for personal and business checks to clear before shipping. WRITE CDCC PF^ICE FOR rnCC LIST Listing continued. IF OR (LINE^PACE) THEN BEBIN IF HALF THEN BEGIN PARTS =NI3T PARTi IF PART THEN LINESs ^INE8-1 1 CCount half Of linefe«l«> MAKE.8PACINB<N0reiAL DIV 2) | <Hal-f-spacing> END; WRITELN(OlABLO)| MAKE SPACINS (NORMAL) | LINE_FEED|EXITXPRINT_LINE) | END; CHECK_SIGNALS; SAVELINE:=LINEi €For Boldface, if needed> IF SUPERSCRIPTS THEN PRINT_SUP5 FOR I:=l TO LENGTH (LINE} DO BEGIN CH:=LINEi:i3j IF <CH=SPACE) AND (I>1> THEN BE&XN {Multiple spaces counted only as one w^d separator} IF LINECI-ISOSPACE THEN WORDS: =W0RDS+1 i ENDS CThe folloMing line avoids double wids^line, printiim underline signal? IF (UNDERLINE AND (CH='_')) THEN WRITE <DIABLO, '_'> ELSE BEGIN IF UNDERSPACE THEN UNDERSET : =COMMANDSET ELSE UNDERSET: =COMMANDSET + :SPACE3| IF CH='_' THEN UNDERLINE; =TRUE; IF (CH=';') QR CU>160) THEN BEGIN U:==0; UNDERLINES ^FALSEs END; IF NOT (CH IN COMMANDGET) THEN WRITE (DIABLO, CH) 5 IF (UNDERLINE AND NOT (CH IN UNDERSET) {Underline? OR ((CH-'+') AND PLUSM1NUB>) THEN Cplus or minus? BEGIN WRITE (DIABLO, CHR CB> ) ; WRITE C0IABLO, ' ) ; U:=U+l; END; END; END; {FOR !...> WORDS: =WORDS-SUB; IF SUBSCRIPT THEN PRINT_SUBS EL^ URITELN (DIABLO); IF PRINTBOLD THEN BEGIN {Prints again, moved over 1/120 inch to the right? TETtf^s -WORDS; LINES ^SAVELINE; {Restore any superscripts and subscripts? WRITE (DIABLO, CHR (27), CHR (10)); {Negative Linefeed? LINESt"LINE8-l| WRITE (DIABLO, CHR (27) , CHR (31 ) (2) , SPACE, CHR (27) , CHR (31 ) , CHR 111?)! PRINTBOLD: -FALSE; PRINT_LINE; tOhly one line printed boldface? WORDSi»>TEMP {Don't count second time in boldface print? END; LII^ FEED; END; {PRINT-LINE? PROCEDURE PR0C:ESS„LINE5 VAR TEMP: STRING; BEGIN IF LINEONULL THEN IF LlNE£13e' ,' THEN BEGIN TEMPs«LINE| 8ET_CAPS(TeMP)t IF LENBTH(TEMP) >2 THEN TEMPi«C0PY(TEI1P,l,2) ; IF (TEMP-'FP') m (TEMP»'DS') THEN FORMATTINGs-TRUE; END; IF FORnATTING THEN PRINT_LINE ELSE PRINT^UNCHANBED; END; PROCEDURE READ.FILE; BEGIN WHILE NOT EOF(TEXTFILE) DO BEGIN NEXT_LINE; PROCESS.LINEj END; FINISHED! =TRUE; END; {READ_FILE? PROCEDURE ZERO_THINGS| VAR I: INTEGER; BEGIN ZERO.FOOT; SLINES:»0; U:^0; LINES: «0; WORDS; =0; ALLDONEs ^ALSE; HALF s -FALSE; PART : =FALSE ; UNDERL I NE s =FALSE ; PR I NTBOLD s =F ALSE ; FINISHEDi»FALSE; INSAVEOi-FALSE; INCLUDING: =FALS£) NEWPAGEs "FALSE; FOR Is=l TO MAXFILES DO FIRSTPAGECI3 s=-l ; FOR Is=l TO 10 DO SAVESPACECI]:»0; END; PROCEDURE WRITE_STARS; CONST STARS='«tt«««t|E*««t««»«f BEGIN WRITE (' 6, STARS); WRITE (ST^S); END; BEGIN {MAIN PROGRAM? 6ENERAL_1NSTR| ZERO_THINQS; COMMANDSET:-E"^' , '\', '!', "*'*35 WRITELN ('What running title is to be printed above the page number on each pag&?' ) ; WRITELN ('Press <RETURN> for no running title, "F" to print file names.'); GET_ENTR Y ( 75 , RUNHE AD ); FILEPRINT:=( RUNHE AD= ' F ' ) OR ( RUNHE AD= ' f ' ) ; STAND ARD_FORM; CHOaSE_FILES; WRITELNCPUSH THE "TOF" SWITCH ON THE DIABLO,'); WRITE ('AND PRESS <RETURN> (on the console) TO START PRINTINB.*); REAOLNl REWRITE (DIABLO, ' PRINTER: ' ) ; IF FILEPRINT THEN RUNHEADs^ILENAMECll; Js^l; TOP PAGE; {Top Of first page? FOR Ja-1 TO T0TFILE8 DO {Only one this month? LMigefiitliRifedL SELECT SOFTWARE, INC. P.O. Box 86 Buffalo, N.Y. 14226 80 &ider May 1984 Circle 82 on Reader Service card. Listing continued. BEQIN FINISHED: =FALSE; <**I-*)RESET (TEXTFILE, FILENAME CJ3 ); (»*!+*) IF IORESULT=0 THEN BEGIN IF FILEPRINT THEN RUNHEAD: =FILENAMEC J 1 ; eOTOXY (0,J+3>; WRITE ( ' PRINTING==>' ) ; IF iJ>l THEN BEGIN BOTOX Y (0,J+2); WRITE <' <DONE> *); END; IF (FIRSTPASECJl > -i> THEN BEGIN IF FIRSTPAGEI:J3<>0 THEN PAGE: =FIRSTPA6E tJl^ IF LINESOMARGINS THEN BOTTOM_PAGE; END? READ^FILE; CLOSE <TEXTFILE); END ELiE WRITELN (DIABLO, FILENAMEC J3 , ' NOT FOUND.'); END; IF INSAVED THEN PR I NT_ I NCLF I LE ; ALLDONE:=TRUE; IF FLINESO0 THEN PRINT_FOOT; ^Print any leftoversJ GOTDXY (0,J+2); WRITE (' <DONE> CLEAR_BOTTOM; WRITELN ('TOTAL OF ':30, WORDS,' WORDS PRINTED.'); WRITE_STARS! WRITELN; WRITELN (' ':6, OUTPUT COMPLETED »««»««»««»««»»««««««««««'); WRITE_STARS;READLN tWait to reinsert boot diskette if it was removed} END. FUNCTION GET_CHAR ( PROMPT 1 , PR0MPT2; STRING; ACCEPTABLE: RIGHT_ONES) : CHAR; VAR CH, ENTRY: CHAR; BEGIN REPEAT WRITE (PROMPTl); IF PR0MPT2 <> NULL THEN BEGIN WRITELN; WRITE (PR0MPT2) ; END; UNITCLEAR (1); READ (ENTRY); WRITELN; IF ENTRY - CHR(27) THEN EXIT (PROGRAM); It* ENTRY IN E'a'..'zn THEN ENTRY : «CHR ( ORD ( ENTRY > -32 ) ; <Capi t al i z e> IF NOT (ENTRY IN ACCEPTABLE) THEN BEGIN WR I TELN ; WR I TELN ; WRITELN ("", ENTRY, is not an acceptable entry.', CHR (7) ); WRITELN; FOR CH:=CHR(33) TO 'Z' DO IF CH IN ACCEPTABLE THEN WRITE ("",CH, '", '); IF SPACE IN ACCEPTABLE THEN WRITE (' and < SPACE > WRITELN (' are appropriate entries at this point-'); WRITQ_N; END; UNTIL ENTRY IN ACCEPTABLE; GET_GHAR: =ENTRY; END; tGET-CHARl PROCEDURE GET^ENTRY (LEN: INTEGER; VAR ENTRY: STRING); VAR I: INTEGER; SPACE: CHAR; BEGIN REPEAT WRITELN; ; FDR I != 1 TO LEN DO WRITE (' '); WRITELN CM'); WRITE (CHR (31)); READLN (ENTRY); <CHR(il> is "move cursor up"> IF ENTRYONULL THEN BEGIN IF (LENGTH (ENTRY) =1) AND (ENTRYC 1 3=CHR (27) ) THEN EXIT ( PROGRAM > ; IF LENGTH (ENTRY) > LEN THEN BEGIN WRITELN (CHR (7) , ENTRY, ' IS ', LENGTH (ENTRY) -LEN, ' TOO LONG!'); WRITELN ('PRESS < SPACE > AND MAKE A SHORTER ENTRY.'); READ (SPACE) ; WRITELN; END; END; UNTIL LENGTH (ENTRY) <- LEN; END; CGET-ENTRY> FUNCTION VALUE (ENTRY: STRING): REAL; VAR I, COMMA, NUMDIGITS, POINT, POWER, MAGNITUDE: INTEGER; STOREENTR Y : STR I NG 1 1 3 ; DIGIT: STRINGCi3; (*NOT the same as a CHAR, no matter What some books say*) NUMBER: PACKED ARRAY CI.. 103 OF INTEGER; LESSTHANl: BOOLEAN; DENOM, TEMP: REAL; BEGIN REPEAT IF ENTRY = NULL THEN BEGIN WRITE (CHR (7), 'NO ENTRY WAS MADE! ENTER A NUMBER: '); READLN (ENTRY) ; END; UNTIL ENTRYONULL; POINT := POS ('.', ENTRY); IF POINT <> THEN DELETE (ENTRY, POINT, 1); (»re(nove decimal point if there*) NUMDIGITS := LENGTH (ENTRY); FOR I := 1 TO NUMDIGITS DO BEGIN DIGIT := COPY (ENTRY, I, 1); NUMBER! 1 3 := PCS (DIGIT, ' 12345A7S?'' ) ; END; TEMP s= 0; FOR I : = 1 TO NUMDIGITS DO TEMP := TEMP + NUMBERCI3 * PWROFTEN (NUMDIBITS - I); IF POINT <> THEN DENOM := (PWROFTEN (NUMDIGITS - POINT + 1)) ELSE DENOM := 1; TEMP :- TEMP /DENOM; VALUE ;= TEMP; END; <;VALUE> Listing 2. ENTRIES. Strictly Soft Ware Fly into Spring With Strictly Soft Ware Send for free catalog today. Strictly Soft Ware 1-614-587-2938 To receive your free catalog right away, send this coupon to the address below. Do you want our □ Apple or □ IBM Catalog? NAME STREET STATE CITY ( ) - PHONE Strictly Soft Ware P.O. Box 338 Granville, OH 43023 ZIP May 1984 feider 81 Brainteaser inCider's inSidious inSolubles -by Art Ude Welcome to inCiders inSidi- ous inSolubles — a series of maddening challenges for you shrewd and observant programmers. Each month we list a short Applesoft Basic program that seems to run correct- ly — but there is something wrong. Oh, you won't see anything as obvious as SYNTAX ERR, Or any other error for that matter. However, that programmer's sixth sense that you have developed slaving over a hot keyboard will tell you something is amiss. The answer appears elsewhere in the issue. Some solutions are very easy, some consider- ably harder. Some are "cute," some tricky. The folks at inCider encourage readers to submit their own inSidious inSolubles. While there is no length limit, the shorter the better. All sub- missions should contain the correct solution and conform to all the speci- fications below. If your program is es- pecially ingenious, you will receive either a free 12-month subscription to inCider, or a 12-month extension of your present subscription. Take a whack at it! Here are the guidelines and sugges- tions for solving an inSoluble: 1. The Basic programs are in straight- forward Applesoft. Any poked ma- chine language subroutines and calls to that subroutine are correct. 2. You should get some kind of a result from the program; in other words, it diouldn't crash. 3. You should not get an error message of any kind. If you do, check your typing. 4. There will be a short explanation of what the program is supposed to do. Read this explanation car^tdly. It may contain clues to the problem. The Savings Accrual If you contribute a monthly amount to a savings account, it would be nice to know how much will be in that ac- count after a period of years. The short program in the Listing should provide the answer. How are you with algorithms? Solution on page 140, TEXT : HOME ! PRINT TAB( 10 > -«t SAVINGS ACCRUAL »«- ! PRINT : PRINT INPUT "RATE OF INTEREST IN PE RCENT "fRA:RA = RA / 100 PRINT ; INPUT "DEPOSIT HQU HU CM EACH YEAR? «"»A PRINT t INPUT -FOR HOW MANY Y EARS -SYRS REM YRS = NO* Of YEARS TA = TOTAL AMOUNT = RATE IN X - AMOUNT ADDED EACH YEAR 60 FOR Y = I TO YRS 70 TA = TA + A + RA » TA :TA = INT (TA » 100 + 100 ; PRINT -TOTAL AFTER "r years: «-»ta print -you could uit 10 20 30 40 50 80 90 100 RA A NEXT y: .5) / PRINT YRSS- PRINT HDRAU ABOUT «- » INT ( TA * RA ) 10 PRINT "EVERY YEAR AND NEVER DEPLETE YOUR": PRINT -ACCOUN T.": END Prvfffttm fofmg. The Savings Accnud. Submit your own inSidious inSolubles to Art Ude, c/o inCider, Pine St, Peterborough, NH 03458. Circle 144 on Reader Service card. \ r vnmursBEST^ BASEBALL GAME! I.Q. BASEBALL by Davka Corporation is the world champion of sports knowledge games . . . and weVe got the stats to prove it!!! • REALISTIC ANIMATION • GENUINE BALLPARK SOUNDS • SURPRISE ACTION— EVEN A RAIN DELAY! • CHALLENGING BASEBALL QUESTIONS And the fans are behind us all the way. Says SoftalK "Delightful . . . great playability." "Beautifully executed " adds Softline. As a mat- ter of fact, I.Q. BASEBALL was designated as the official Apple Computer baseball sweepstakes gameMSogowiththechamp. . . I.Q. BASEBALL!! only $2495 I.Q. BASEBALL is available for • Apple • Atari • Commodore • I.B.M. PC all with disk drive. Separate question disks on your favorite team or a speciai Worid Series disk are avaiiable for $14.95. Ask for I.Q. BASEBALL at your favorite computer soft- ware store or order directly from Davka. Credit card holders may order toll-free. Dealer inquiries invited. Call Toll-free 1-800-621-8227 In Illinois call 1-312-944-4070 CORPORATION 845 N. Michigan Ave. • Suite 843 • Chicago, !L 60611 ^ — Circle 177 on Reader Service card. Apple ll/ile If This Powerful Applesoft Editor Were Any Simpler, Your Keyboard Could Look Like This. Meet the word processor for writing pro- grams, complete with HELP Screens for quick reference. With GALE (Global Ap- plesoft Line Editor), single keys stand for long, compli- cated sequences of programming commands. Now you can auto- matically insert or delete changes in program lines. Or change a character or word wherever it appears. And no more re- typing the rest of a line after a change. So you spend significantly less time typing. GALE eliminates dozens of keystroking operations while it lets you instantly renumber your program lines, or take two programs and merge them. Or see how much space is left on your disk. Youll like the immediate cross-index of all your variable names, auto-line numbering and other valuable utilities. With GALE you get the best features of a separate global editor, renumber, merge and utility library all combined in one system. GALE! Youll wonder how you ever got along without it. To order fill out the attached coupon or call 617-259-9710. Author: Sandy Mossberg System Requirements: Applesoft compatibility and DOS 3.3 Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc Copyright © 1983 by MicroSPARC. / want ! Here's my $49.95 □ Mastercard □ Visa □ Check, M. O. (Mass. residents add 5% sales tax) Name Tel. # Address City State Signature Date Charge Card # Exp. Date MicroSPARC Inc., 10 Lewis St., Lincoln, MA 01773 1^54 May 1984 &ider 83 Tutorial The Compleat Text File Primer Part 3— Disk Operating Systems Explore the subtleties and intricacies of DOS. In Parts 1 and 2 of this series I dis- cussed how data was stored on a disk and in the computer's memory. Now let's look at how the data gets from the disk to the memory . A computer is a central processing unit with a collection of memory and input/ou^ut devices (keyboard, video screen, disk drives, printer, and so on). The computer needs some way to in- terconnect and control the functions of these components. These devices need hardware links, called the bus. The operating system controls and man- ages the interchange of data. This op- erating system is a collection of soft- ware and firmware (software in ROM) which determines how the compo- nents of the computer will operate. The Apple II and He use two oper- ating systems. The first, called the monitor, resides permanently in ROM and controls the Apple's primary func- tions: k^board, video, input/output and Applesoft Basic. The second oper- ating system, the Disk Operating Sys- tem (DOS), resides on the first three tracks of each imtiali2£d disk and is loaded into user memory whenever the disk is booted. Why two operating sys- tems? Remember that the Apple was originally designed as an inexpensive personal computer. The original intent was to use a cassette tape recorder as the main data-storage medium. The cassette is certainly an inexpensive storage medium, available in virtually every home. But it does have some sig- nificant disadvantages. Cassettes are Write to Lee Swoboda at Padapple Computer Consulting, 1451 NE Patdson Road, Poulsbo, WA 98370. 84 &ider May 1984 by Lee Swoboda slow to load data and they must be op- erated manually. This makes them vir- tually useless as an interactive medium for storing programs and data. By inter- active, I mean a data storage medium that interacts with the computer — one that is under complete computer con- trol. With a disk drive, on the other hand, the computer can purr along happily without any human interven- MEMORY ADDRESS 49152 45529 43721 40192 38400 RWTS routines file manager main DOS routines "file buffers- - MAXFILES 3 VTOC Sector Buffer CATALOG Sector Buffer "Scratch" Buffer EACH FILE BUFFER CONTAINS: Data Sector 256 bytes Track/Sector List 256 File Manager Work Area 45 File Name 30 Addresses of Above 8 TOTAL each buffer = 595 bytes Figupe /. A map of ^ Disk Operating Si/stem. iMilf iack-up copies of proiiilBd software quickly, easily^ with just a push ^ofabutton.itr; Nowi lwo models of the leading III io||^|isiQiiiii^^ piLEMiVRD i WILDC^Rb2 Wildcards are the copycards that stack the deck in your favor Rather than copying protected disks track by track tike the old "nibble copiers/' Wildcards ignore the disk and any copyprotection on it. Instead, Wildcards takeasnapshotof your Apple's memory. This creates an accurate copy of the original program. Our original. Perfect for the Apple II -h®with 64K, ^ % Over 10,000 satisfied customers. ■ Wildcard copies both 48K and 64K programs. ■ Wildcard creates DOS 3.3 compatible, autobooting copies. » Fileiiiiiii|> ' WMM&m:^^^^^^ m Wildcard Utility Disk (included) contains: Automatic program compression and BRUN filemaker, Applesoft recover :? pmgram-^^maK idck^ f . /uf>f5^^i^^^^ progrir^^ listable. Print graphics screen. WILDCARD 2 Designed for the Apple lie® with 64K or 128K. « Fast! Copies 64K programs in 25 seconds, 128K programs in 50 seconds. ■ New, self-prompting software. Absolutely no technical expertise is required. ^%xt scrSth;-^d^|^^ft |g;80 coluniB$>.:'§^^ ■ Utility Disk is included for making BRUN files. ■ New! Automatic compressor for compact BRUN files. ■ Access Apple monitor, allowing for program changes and listings. coupon below and send your check, money order, Visa or MasterCard No. to East Side Software Co., 175 Fifth Avenue, Suite 3375, New York, NY 10010. Dealer inquiries welcome. I Wease send (indicate quantity) I VVildcard(s) $109.95 each. -Franklin 1000/1200 owners require mod kit. $8.00 {For use with WHdcard only), -\Viidb^rd-2(s) $139.95 eacM^^^ j In U.S, add $4.00 for shipping and handtine, I Outside U.S. add $10.00. I New York State residents add sales tax. I □ Check enclosed □ Visa U MasterCard Total $„ Card No. I I Name on Card I Expires Name Address (UPS delivery) i j|ll^city ■ ■■'[■■WiMlgM " ' ■ ^iftiS ;||g,::East Side Software Co., 175 Fifth:;|fi||||^it^^3;?75,|^^ IMPORTANT NOTICE: WILDCARDS are offered for the purpose of enabling you to make archival copies only. Under the Copyright Law you, as the owner Of a copy of a computer program, are entitled to make a neW copy for archival purposes only and the WILDCARDS will enable you to do so, WILDCARDS are offered for no other purpose and you are not permitted to uttlixe them for any other USi^ iillllh^ri specified. Software is not copy pr^^lpiiil^^^^^^^^^ System requirements: Wildcard: Apple ll-f w/64K, Apple He, Wildcard 2: Apple He, II + , 11. All cards work with Franklin computers. An $8.00 mod kit is required for Franklin 1000, 1200. |lyildcard]^riiiBiBi BASIC DOS COMMAKD HANDLER FILE MANAGER FILE BUFFER DISK Execute V VLlne 10 Intercept CTRL-D and pass systea control to DOS, ^ ParM **OPBr eoMMBd call appropriate File nana^r roiitlae. V - Call RWTS rotttinea and load VT OC into the VTOC SECTOR iOFFER. DISK ^I^DOS 3.5 APPLESOFT BASIC r—^s. Transfer of ' — System Control ^^^^Transfer ^^^^OF Data I VTOC -u5 Search VTOC SECTOR BUFFER for location of the firat Catalog Sector, I I CATALOG - Call RJTTS routine* and load Catalog Sector into the CATALOG SECTOR BUFFER. and load the — « Search CATALOC SECTOR BUFFER for the file nana '•XVZ.* the file nam ia not found, repeat for aiiceM4lBt Catalog Sectora. COHTINUEO Figure 2a. Text file processing. tion or interference. When consumers demanded that Apple provide a disk drive, Apple provided the hardware (disk drive and controller card), but also provided the software to patch that hardware into the eidsting oper- ating system. This system is the Disk Operating System, DOS. The concept of storing part of the operating system on disk is not unique to microcomputers. In fact, mini and mainframe computers usually have the entire operating system on disk. Only a minimal amount of bootstrap software is in ROM, just enough for the com- puter to load the operating system from disk. This way, it is relatively easy to modify, improve or update software on disk. It is significantly more difficult to update software in ROM, or worse, software permanently burned into a chip. Apple has already updated the DOS three times, the latest update being DOS 3.3. Each up- date has required only a software change or minor hardware change (two chips in the case of DOS 3.3) — obviously far superior to having to replace an entire controller card or disk drive. When memory was relatively ex- pensive, Apple built 16K and 32K ver- sions of the Apple II. These relics are now scarce, but when Apple first in- troduced the disk drive, you could still buy Apples with various "rampowers." As a result, DOS boots (transfers) from disk to memory in three steps. Step 1 loads a small bootstrap program. Step 2 loads the DOS image from disk into the computer as if it had 16K of RAM. Step 3 relocates DOS to the top of available memory. With only one size Apple currently available, the process is now perfunctory, but also indicative of Apple s commitment to minimize obsole^nc^. DOS is divided into a number of modules, each with discrete functions. Figure 1 is a rough map of DOS. Command Parser Whenever Basic encounters a con- trol-D (ASCII =4) character, it trans- fers control of the system to the Disk Operating System. When DOS takes control, it parses the received com- mand by comparing it to a table of al- lowable commands. If the command is S6 6ider May 1984 illegitimate, DOS will print an error message. If the command is legitimate, DOS will transfer the control to the appropriate subroutine. In the case of text file commands, DOS transfers control to the file manager. File Manager The file manager portion of DOS controls the means by which the Apple accesses the disk. The file manager also contains three buffers for temporary storage of data: a VTOC sector buffer, a catalog sector buffer and a 347-byte scratch buffer for storing the encoded raw data from the disk sector until the file manager can decode it. In addition to the routines in the file manager, DOS uses two other routines/buffers: the read/write track/sector routines and the file buffer. Let's examine a typical text file pro- cess. 10 PRINT D$; "OPEN XYZ" 20 PRINT D$; "READ XYZ" 30 INPUT A$ 40 PRINT D$; "CLOSE XYT* Figure 2 shows the process that the Ap- ple DOS goes through to load data from the disk and make it available to a Basic program. Actually, the OPEN command is unneoe^ary for an exist- ing file, since both the READ and VITUTE routines check the file and open it if it is closed. Note in Figure 2 that the file manager does the majority of work. Also note that four separate buffers are required. Read/Write Trade/Sector (RWTS) The RWTS routines read the "gaps" on the disk and find the appropriate track and sector, then read the data BASIC COMMAND HANDLER DOS FILE MANAGER FILE BUFFER DISK Execute Line 20 Q Search CATALOG ^TOR BUFFER for location of the Track/Sect<^ List for "XY2." I I T/S LICT - Call RWTS routine* to load the Track/Sector List into the FILE BUFFER. ts to List into ^^^H Update the File Hanaser furwmekmr- U»t to indicate '^XYZ" i» "C^ES." Return systw control to BASIC. Intercept CTRL-D and pass systen control to DOS. ^^^^ Parse **REAir connand and call the %' """" 1F f coirriNUED Update File Manager Paraneter List to indicate "XYZ** is ready to "READ." Set up status flags to direct inii^ut cduands to DOS rather than BASIC* Figf4re 2b. Text file processing (continued). within the sector and load the encoded data into a scratch buffer in the com- puter. The jfile manager then decodes the encoded data and transfers the re- sults to a file buffer. File Buffers This stores data from the disk tem- porarily until it is transferred to the portion of the computer's memory that is under the program s direct control (the variable table or string storage area). DOS, in its default state, con- tains three file buffers, each occupying 595 bytes. Those 595 bytes contain the following data for each of three files: • The last sector of data (256 bytes, decoded) loaded from the disk. • The track/sector list for the file (256 bytes). • A file manager work area contain- ing information on the type and status of the file occupying this buffer. • The name of the file. • The addresses of the above data. Text File Access Applesoft has three helpful text file commands that do not occur in some other Basics: • append • B parameter •position I will discuss these in Part 4 next month. Modifying DOS "Normal" DOS overhead (MAX- FILES 3) is 107S2 bytes, from ad- dresses 38400-49152. The overhead can range from 9562 to 18487 bytes for MAXFILES 1 to 16 respectively. Since the string storage area begins immedi- ately below the DOS file buffers, any increase in MAXFILES after strings have been concatenated vdll destroy these string. You must change MAX- FILES as one of the first commands in a program. DOS automatically €sstablishes buff- ers for three text files. This allows us to have three text files open at one time. Most often, a program will require ac- cess to only one file at a time. Applesoft provides a command to allow us to ad- just the number of file buffers avail- able. Since each buffer must contain 595 bytes (256 bytes of data plus the other information shovm in Figure 1), we can get over IK free just by elimin- ating the two file buffers we don't need. To demonstrate this, type in the program listing and run it. The follow- ing pairs of yalues will appear on- screen: 38400 (Top of memory) 36098 (Free space) 38995 36693 39590 37288 38400 36098 10 HOME 20 PRINT PEEK (115) + 256 » PEEK < 1 16) 30 PRINT 65S35 + FRE(O) 40 PRINT SO PRINT 60 PRINT P£&<(115) 1- 256 « PEEKdl^l 76 PRINT 63535 + FRE<0> 80 PRINT 90 PRINT CHR»<4> ; "MAXFILES 1" 100 PRINT PEEKdlS) + 256 » PEEK(li6> 110 PRINT 65535 + FRE<0) 120 PRINT 130 PRINT CHR»<4) ! "MAXFILES 3" 140 PRINT PEEK(115> + 256 » PEEK ( 1 16) 150 PRINT 65535 + FREtO) Listing. This demonstrates how you can m- creasi 3 memory by eliminating file buffers. These pairs represent respectively the top of user memory (HIMEM:) and the available free space (from the top of our short program to HIMEM:) for various valu^ of MAXFILES^ Tte ^ pair is the default value for MAX- FILES, which is three. The other pairs show the values for a subsequent re- duction of file buffers from three to two to one and back to three. As you can see by comparing the values, every time we reduce MAXFILES by one, removing a file buffer, we move the top of memory up 595 bytes and in- May 1984 feider 87 Apple Mechanic's hi-res type routines and fonts are usable in your programs WITHOUT LICENSING FEE. Just give Beagle Bros credit on your disk ar>d documentation. ^ APPLE MECHANIC HI-RES SHAPE EDITOR / TYPE FONT DISK by BERT KERSEY $29.50: Includes Peeks/Pokes Chart & Tip Book #5. SHAPE EDITOR: Keyboard-draw hi-res shapes for animation in your Applesoft programs. Access & create proportionally-spaced W-res Typefaces with each character re-definable as you want. Six fonts are included on the disk. Excellent LI Stable Apple- soft demos show you how to animate graphics and create professional-looking Charts and Qraphs. BYTE-ZAP; Rewrite any byte on a disk for repair or alteration. Load entire sectors on the screen for inspection. Hex/Dec/ Ascii displays and input. Edu- cational experiments included for making tnck file names, restonng deleted ftles, changing DOS. etc. MORE: Useful music, text and hi-res tricks for your programs. Clear educational documentation. APPLE MECHANIC TYPEFACES by BERT KERSEY $20.00: jncludas Peeks & Pokes Chart. 26 NEW FONTS for use with Apple Mechanic programs. Many different sizes and typestyles, both ordinary and c5\rtistic. Every character— from A to Z to "*" to "□"—of every typeface— from "Ace" to "Zooloo"— is re-definable to suit your needs. All typefaces are proportionally spaced for a more pro- fessional appearance. People do noticethe difference! BEAGLE MENU: Display only the file names you want from your disks (for example, only Applesoft or only Locked files) for fast one-key curSor selection. DOS BOSS DISK CX>MMAND EDITOR by BERT KERSEY and JACK CASSIDY _SIUCON SALAD ^[fVI^ INCLUDING TIP DISK #2_ $24.00: Includes Peeks/Pokes Chart & Tip Book #2. RENAME DOS COMMANDS & Error Mes- sages— "Catalog" can be "Gat"; "Syntax Error" can be "Oops" or almost anything you want it to be. PROTECT YOUR PROGRAMS. An unautho- rized Save-attempt can produce a "Not Copyable" message, or any message you want. Also easy List- Prevention and other useful Apple tips and tricks. Plus one-key program-execution from catalog. CUSTOMIZE DOS. Change the catalog Disk Volume heading to your message or title. Omit or alter catalog file codes. Fascinating documentation, tips and educational Apple exp>eriments. ANYONE USING YOUR DISKS (booted or not) will be using DOS the way YOU designed it. CHRS(7y GOTO your Apple Software Store for Beagle Bros products. If he is out of a particular disk, get on his case. He can have any Beagle Bros disk for you^_^^ within a couple of days by phoning i. ANY Apple Software Distributor. ^ RUSH the following disks by First Class Mail- 10 LIST: LIST: LIST: FOR ZZ=PEEK(175J+PEEK (176)*256+36 TO 3072: POKE ZZ,216: NEXT 20 FOR XXX-1 TO 2; POKE-1 6299,0: POKE -16300,0: XXX -1: NEXT: REM Experiment with different length variable names. BEAGLE BAG 12 APPLE GAMES ON ONE DISK by BERT KERSEY $29.50: Includes Peeks & Pokes Chart -^^r- COMPARE BEAGLE BAG with any single-^ game Locked-Up disk on the market today. ^ All 12 games are a blast, the price is a bar- ^ ^ ■ gain, the Instructions are crystal clear, and the disk is COPYABLE. You can even change the programs or list them to learn programming tricks by seeing how they work. TWELVE GAMES from the Applesoft Ace, Bert Kersey— TextTrain. Wowzo, Magic Pack. Buzz- word, Slippery Digits, and many many more... EXCELLENT REVIEWS-See Jan-d3 Softalk. p. 148. Beagle Menu too: see Typefaces description. □ Alpha Plot - $39.50 □ Apple Mechanic . . . 29.50 O A.M. Typefaces 20.00 O Beagle Bag ... 29.50 □ Beagle BASIC 34.95 □ DiskQutk 29,50 □ DOS Boss 24.00 □ Double-Take . , 34.95 □ Flex Type 29.50 □ Frame-up $29.50 □ GPLE 49.95 □ ProntoDOS 29 50 □ Silicon Salad 24.95 □ Tip Disk #1 20.00 □ Utility City 29.50 O □ ADD ME to mailing list □ ALREADY ON mail list AT YOUR APPLE DEALER HOW! Or order directly from Beagle Bros— Visa/MasterCard or COD, call TOLL-FREE Orders only / ALL 50 STATES / 24 Hours a Day 1-800"227-3800 ext. 1607 OR mail U.SCheck, Money-Order or Visa/MC# to BEAGLE BROS. 8th Roor 4315 SIERRA VISTA. SAN DIEGO. CA92103 Add SI 50 First Class Shtpping. Any-Size Order. Overseas add S4.00. COD add S3.00 California add 6% ALL ORDERS SHIPPED llwrMEOlATELY. AD#8A Circle 1 79 on Reader Service card 4315 SIERRA VISTA / SAN DIEGO, CA 92103 619-296-6400 ALL BEAGLE DISKS ARE UNLOCKED, COPYABLE AND COMPATIBLE WITH APPLE 11, 11+ AND He.* (Don't Settle for Less!) *DISKOUIK requires Apple lie. "APPLE" is a Registered Trade Mark of You-Know-Who. by BERT KERSEY ar\d MARK SIMONSEN S24.95: Includes Peeks/Pokes AND Commands Charts MANY MINI-UTILITIES: Disk Scanner finds bad disk sectors, Key-Clicker adds subtle sound as you type, DOS-Killer adds two tracks of space to your disks, 2-Track Cat allows up to 210 file names per disk, Program Splitter makes room for hi-res pix with large Applesoft programs, Text Imprinter trans- fers text to the hi-res screen, OnerrTeli Me prints the appropriate error message but continues program execution, Text Screen Formatter converts text layouts into Print statements... plus much more Apple wizardry from the boys at Beagle Bros. MORE TIPS ON DISK: Including fantastic pro- gramming tricks from Beagle Bros Tip Books 5, 6 and 7, plus programs from Tips/Tricks Chart #1. TWO-LINERS TOO: From our customers around the world— and elsewhere. Little mind-blowers that will teach your old Apple some new tricks! TIP DISK #1 100 TIP BOOK TIPS ON DISK by BERT KERSEY $20.00; Includes Peeks & Pokes Chart. 100 LIST ABLE PROGRAMS from Beagle Bros Tip Books 1-4. Make your Apple do things it's never done' All 100 programs are LISTable and changeable for Apple experimentation. COMMAND CHART INCLUDED: Free with each Tip Disk; an 11 x 17 poster of all Applesoft. Integer Basic & DOS Commands with Descriptions! EARLY MODEM— FLEX TYPE (FORMERLY "FLEX TEXTl VARIABLE-WIDTH HI-RES TEXT UTILITY by MARK SIMONSEN $29.50: Includes Peeks & Pokes Chart PRINT VARIABLE-WIDTH TEXT on both hi- res screens with normal Applesoft commands (including HTAB 1-70). Normal, expanded & com-, pressed text with no extra hardware. (70-column text requires a monochrome monitor, not a tv). ADD GRAPHICS TO TEXT or add Text to hi-res graphics, Run your existing Applesoft programs under Flex Type control. Fast, easy to use, and Compatible with GPLE and Double-Take. DOS TOOL KIT? font compatibility, or use the supplied Flex Type typefaces. Select up to 9 fonts with control-key commands. A text character editor lets you redesign any Apple text character. FRAME-UP FAST APPLE DISPLAY UTILITY by TOM WEISHAAR $29.50: Includes Peeks & Pokes Chart PROFESSIONAL PRESENTATIONS: Turn your existing Hi-Res, Lo-Res and Text frames into attractive Apple "slide shows". FAST hi-res loads in 2V^-seconds! Paddle or Keyboard-advance frames. UNATTENDED SHOWS are optional, with each picture arranged and pre-programmed to display on the screen from 1 to 99 seconds. Custom Text Screen Editor lets you create black-and-white text "slides" and add type 'live" from the keyboard during shows. Mail copies of presentations on disk to your friends and associates {or home to Mom!). 88 6ider May 1984 GPLE GLOBAL PROGRAM UNE EDITOR byNEILKOMZEN ' $49.95: Includes Peeks/Pokes Chart & Tip Book #7. A CLASSIC APPLE PROGRAM EDITOR GPLE lets you edit Applesoft program lines FAST without awkward cursor-tracing and "escape editing". INSERT & DELETE: GPLE works like a word processor for Applesoft program lines. You make changes instantly by jumping the cursor to the change point and inserting or deleting text. No need to trace to the end of a line before hitting Return. GLOBAL SEARCH & REPLACE: Find any word or variable in your programs, FAST. For example, fmd all lines containing a GOSUB, or edit or delete all lines with REM statements, or all occur- rences of any variable. Replace any variable, word or character with any other For example, change all X's to ABC's, or all "Horse" strings to "Cow". 80-COLUMN COMPATIBILITY: All edit & glo- bal features support Apple He 80-column cards and most 80-column cards on any Apple Me, 11+ or II. DEFINABLE ESC FUNCTIONS: Define ESC plus any key to perform any task. For example, ESC-1 can catalog drive 1 , ESC-L can do a "HOME; LIST", ESC-N could type an entire subroutine... Anything you want, whenever you want. GPLE DOS MOVER: Move DOS and GPLE to Language Card (or lie upper 16K) for an EXTRA 10,000 Bytes (10K) of programmable memory. Plus APPLE TIP BOOK #7: Learn more about your Apple! Includes all nevv GPLE tips and tricks. UTILITY CITY 21 PROGRAMMING UnLITjES by BERT KERSEY $29.50: Includes Peeks/Pokes Chart & Tip Book #3 LIST FORMATTER prints each program state- ment on a new line. Loops indented with phnter Page Breaks. A great Applesoft program de-bugger. MULTI-COLUMN CATALOGS, with or without sector and file codes. Organize your disk library. INVISIBLE and thck catalog file names. Invisible functioning commands in Applesoft programs too. MUCH MORE: 21 utilities, including auto-post Run-number & Date in programs, alphabetize/store info on disk, convert dec to hex or Int to FP, protect and append programs, dump text to printer... LEARN PROGRAMMING: List-abfe programs and informative documentation. Includes Tip Book #3. Hours of good reading & Applesoft experiments. ALPHA PLOT HI-RES GRAPHICS/TEXT UTILITY by BERT KERSEY and JACK CASSIDY $39.50: Includes Peeks/Pokes Chart & Tip Book #4. DRAW IN HI-RES on both Apple "pages" using easy keyboard commands OR paddles/joystick. Pre-view lines before plotting. Solid or mixed colors & Reverse (background-opposite) drawing. FAST one- keystroke circles, boxes & ellipses, filled or out- lined. Add text for graphs & charts. All pix Save-able to disk, to be called from your Applesoft programs. COMPRESS HI-RES DATA to 1/3 disk space (average) allowing more Jii-res pictures per disk. MANIPULATE IMAGES: Superimpose any two images, or RE-LOCATE any rectangular section of any drawing anywhere on either hi-res page. HI-RES TYPE: Add text to your pictures with adjustable character-size and large-character color. Type anywhere with no HtabA/tab limits. Type sideways too, for graphs. Includes Tip Book #4. 4315 SIERRA VISTA / SAN DIEGO, OA 92103 619-296-6400 ALL BEAGLE DISKS ARE UNLOCKED, COPYABLE AND COMPATIBLE WITH APPLE II, 11+ AND lie.* (Don't Settle for Less!) * DISKQUIK requires Apple lie. "APPLE" is a Registered Trade Mark of You-Know-Who. BEAGLE BASIC APPLESOFT ENHANCER by MARK SIMONSEN $34.95: Includes Peeks/Pokes Chart & Tip Book #6. . Requires Apple lie (OR 11/11+ with RAM Card). RENAME ANY APPLESOFT COMMAND or Error Message to anything you want. For program clarification, encryption/protection or even foreign translation. Plus add optional NEW COMMANDS: ELSE follows If-Then statements, like this: IF X=2 THEN PRINT "YES": ELSE PRINT "NO" HSCRN reads color of any hi-res dot for collision testing. SWAP X,Y exchanges 2 variables' values. New TONE command writes music with no messy pokes & calls. SCRL scrolls text in either direction. TXT2 lets Text Page 2 act exactly like Page 1. PLUS: GOTO & GOSUB may precede vahables, as in "GOSUB FIX" or "GOTO 4+X". Escape-mode indicated by special ESC CURSOR. Replace awk- ward Graphics screen-switch pokes wrth 1-word commands. Change ctrl-G Beep to any tone. INVERSE REMS tool All GPLE compatible. 1 FOR S-768 TO 773: READ A: POKE S,A: NEXT: POKE 232,0: POKE 233,3: DATA 1,0,4,0,5,0 2 HGR2:FORR=0TO192:ROT=R: SCALE=96: XDRAW 1 AT 140,95: SCALE =3Cr. XDRAW 1 AT 140,95: S=PEEK(49200): NEXT: RUN PRONTO-DOS HIGH-SPEED DOS / DOS-MOVE UTTUTY by TOM WEISHAAR $29.50: Includes Peeks & Pokes Ch^ TRIPLES THE SPEED of disk access and frees 10,000 bytes of extra memory by moving DOS. Function Normal Pronto BLOAD HI-RES IMAGE 10 sec. 3 sec, LOAD 60-SECTOR PROGRAM ... 16 sec. 4 sec. SAVE 60-SECTOR PROGRAM , . , 24 sec. 9 sec. BLOAD LANGUAGE CARD 13 sec. 4 sec. (Text Files: No Change) Boot the Pronto disk or your updated disks, created with the normal INIT command. Compatible with all DOS Commands, GPLE, Double-Take, DOS Boss, DiskOuik and almost all unprotected programs. MOVE DOS to your Language Card, RAM Card, or standard Apple Me upper 16K, freeing up 10,000 EXTRA BYTES of memory for your programs. 15 EXTRA SECTORS per disk. Catalog Free- Space displayed every time you catalog a disk. TYPE-COMMAND ("TYPE filename") prints con- tents of sequential Text Files on screen or printer. DISKQUIK DISK DRIVE EMULATOR by HARRY BRUCE and GENE HUE $29.50: Includes Peeks & Pokes Chart Requires Apple lie with Extended 80-column Card. ACTS LIKE A DISK DRIVE in Slot 3 but much faster, quieter, more reliable and $350+ cheaper! Enjoy the benefits of a 2nd (or 3rd or 4th,..) dnve at less than 1/10th the price. Catalogs normally with "CATALOG, S3" command. Load & Save any kind of files into RAM with normal DOS commands. SILENT AND FAST: Since no moving parts are involved, DiskOuik operates silently and at super- high speeds. See it to believe it Your Apple lie's Extended 80-column Card (required) can hold about half the amount of data as a 5%" floppy disk! MANY USES: For example, auto-load often-used files like FID etc., etc., into RAM when you boot up, so they are always available when you need them. Copy files from RAM onto disl< and vice versa, just as if a disk drive were connected to slot #3. FRIENDLY & COMPATIBLE with 80-column display, GPLE, ProntoDOS, and all normal Apple- soft and DOS commands and procedures. Will not interfere with Apple lie "Double Hi-Res" graphics, GOTO any Software Store for Beagle Bro;j If they are out of a particular disk, ref get on the stick, 619-296-6400 n Distrib^ ever/i our di: to Uncle are unprot* floppies every whe^ ~DOUBLE-TAKE 2-WAY-SCROUyMULnPLE UTIUTY by MARK SIMONSEN $34.95: Includes Peeks/Pokes AND Tips/Tricks Charts, 2-WAY SCROLLING: Listings & Catalogs scroll Up AND Down, making file names and program lines much easier to access. Change the Catalog or List scroll-direction at will, with Applets Arrow keys- 80-C0LUMN COMPATIBLE: All features sup- port lie and most other 80-column cards. BETTER LIST FORMAT: Each program state- ment lists on a new linefor FAST program tracing & de-bugging. Printer-compatible; any column-width. VARIABLE-DISPLAY: Displays all of a pro- gram's strings and variables with current values. CROSS-REFERENCE: Sorts and displays line numbers where each variable & string appears. AUTO-LINE-NUMBER, Hex/Dec Converter, bet- ter Renumber/Append, Program Stats, Change Cursor, Space-On-Disk. GPLE/Pronto compatible. □ Alpha Plot $39,50 □ Apple Mechanic . . . 29.50 □ A.M. Typefaces 20,00 □ Beagle Bag 29,50 □ Beagle BASIC 34,95 □ DiskQuik 29,50 □ DOS Boss 24,00 □ Double-Take 34,95 □ Flex Type 29,50 □ Frame-Up $29.50 □ GPLE 49.95 □ ProntoDOS 29.50 □ Silicon Salad 24.95 □ Tip Disk #1 20.00 □ Utility City 29.50 D □ ADD ME to mailing list. □ ALREADY ON maH list. ■ ^ Visa/MasterCard or COD, i^U TOLL-FREE 1 2 Orders only / ALL 50 STATES / 24 Hours a Day 1^1-800-227-3800 ext i eo? AT YOUR APPLE DEALER NOW! Or order directly from Beagle Bros— OR mail U.S.Check, Money-Order or Visa/MC# to BEAGLE BROS, 7th Floor 4315 SIERRA VISTA, SAN DIEGO, C A 92103 Add $1.50 F^rst Class Shipping. Any-Size Order. " Overseas add $4.00. COD add $3.00. California add 6%. ALL ORDERS SHIPPED IMMEDIATELY. AD#7A Circle 1 79 on Reader Service card. May 1984 feider 89 BASIC DOS COHMAND HANDLER FILE MANAGER FILE BUFFER DISK Baturn aymtmt eontrcd to BASIC. Intercept Cm.-D and pass systen control to DOS, ^^^L Parse "INPUT" cowand and call ^^^^F appropriate File nanaser routine, ^ Search Track/S«;tor List in the FILE BUFFER U»r Iqcatloii of ^ first Data Sector. I I DATA ^0 I I SECTOR Call RWTS routines to decode the first Data Sector and load into the FIi£ BUFFER I to decode ^^^H itor and ^^^H I BUFFER. Bfl Transfer the first charact«r to the Strini Stora»e area of «a«ory. If th« charaetw U not a Carrias* Return, repeat. f cmn'moED If the data in the FILE BUFFER has been exhausted* load aaothar Data Sector. Update the Variable Table with the length and location of A*. Figure 2c, TextjUe processing (contkmed). crease the amount of available mem- ory by 595 bytes. Thus, if we will only need one tert ffle open at a time, we can gain an extra 1190 (2x595) bytes of memory by setting MAXFILES to L MovingDOS If you have a language card (16K RAM card) or an Apple He, 16K bytes of read/ write memory (RAM) occupy the same address locations as the Ap- plesoft ROM. When you boot the DOS 3.3 system ma^, Int^r Basic loads into tills extra memory so that you can switch between the two languages. Be- cause language card addresses are the same as the addresses of the Applesoft ROMs, it is unavailable to the user under normal conditions and is there- fore largely unused. Since DOS oc- cupies only a litde over lOK bytes in its usual form, it will fit nicely on the lan- guage card. This frees an additional lOK of user memory. Since DOS is software, it can easily be modified to occupy those addresses. Several com- mercial programs can move DOS to the language card. In addition. Call A.P,P.L,E. Quly/August 1981) pub- lished a program that accomplishes this. The advantage to this technique, of course, is that more free space is available to the program so that more strings may be stored and less garbage collection is required. Faster DOS Obviously, since DOS is in software, we can also modify the existing soft- ware to handle text files more rapidly. We must forego DOS's extra care in handling such files, but this is a small price to pay for significant increases in speed. The two sources of DOS modifi- cmticnis axe magazine articles and com- mercial programs. The "Further Reading^ section below lists some magazine articles that provide means of modifying DOS. Look through the advartijS^iieEits in ttds magazine for commercial programs. Remember that the program must modify the TEXT handling characteristics of DOS, not just the LOAD and BLOAD charac- teristics. Skewing Again I mentioned disk sector skewing in Part 1 of this series. Skewing is one of 90 &ider May 1984 the reasons disk operations are so slow. Imagine the disk as a merry-go- round with 16 horses, each horse rep- resenting one disk sector. Number the horses, beginning with 1 and num- bering every seventh horse afterwards (the first horse is 1, the d^th is 2, the fifteenth is 3, and so on). Whenever you pass horse ntunber 1, skip it in your counting scheme. When you fin- ish, you will have been around the merry-go-round sevai complete times; the horses will be numbered 1, 14, 12, 10, 8, 6, 4, 2, 15, 13, 11, 9, 7, 5, 3, 16. Now stand with a box full of balls look- ing at horse 1 and start your merry-go- round rotating. Take a ball and throw it at horse number 1. Take another and throw it at horse number 2. Note that six horses passed you while you were picking up the second baU. Just as sJcewing the numbers on the horses gave you time to pick up the second ball, skewing sectors gives DOS time to process incoming or outgoing data firom one sector before the next sector passes the read/write head. But just to make sure that the computer has plen- ty of time, DOS waits six sectors b^re it reads the next sector. This is the way DOS accesses the disk — ^read or write one sector, skip six, read or write another sector, skip six. True, the disk spins at 300 rpm, but it still takes seven revolutions (1.4 sec- onds) to read one track. If the computer is really waiting for the disk to rotate, why not read sectors in their physical order or, at worst, skip only one sector instead of six? On- ly one or two revolutions would be re- quired to read a track. Good idea, and Chart Your Progress Specials Of The Month Micromodem He w/Smartcom $259 Volksmodem $ 64 Grappler+ ..$129 Koala Touch Tablet $ 89 Chalkboard Power Pad w/ Starter Kit $109 Apple II Computer Cover $ 6.50 Flip & File (holds 50) $22.50 Verbatim Disks S/D .... $26.00 Verbatim Twin Pack $ 6.00 Wico Analog Joystick $36.00 j Hardware Specials Printers Cltoh 8510 Prowriter $399 FIO Starwriter $1349 FIO Printmaster $1529 Okidata ML82A Call ML83A .............. Call Call ML84S , Call ML92P , Call ML93P...... , Call Monitors $315 Amdek 300 Green $169 Amdek 31 OA Amber . , . .$189 Leading Edge Gorilla Hi-Res Green/ , $ 89 Information and Inquiries: (702)796-0296 Order Status: (702) 369-5523. , Recreation Creature Creator $ 29 Sargon III $ 36 Witness $ 36 Planetfall $ 36 Starcross $ 29 Zork I, II, III Ea. $ 29 Enchanter $ 36 Deadline $ 36 Suspended $ 36 The Quest $ 17 Zero Gravity Pinball $ 22 Sammy Lightfoot $ 29 Apple Cider Spider $ 25 Sargon II $ 25 Crypt of Medea $ 25 Knight of Diamonds $ 25 Wizardry $ 35 Legacy of Llylgamyn $ 29 Lode Runner $ 25 Choplifter ,...,4..$ 25 Temple of Apshai $ 29 Castle of Wolfenstein $ 29 Spare Change $ 29 Tigers in The Snow $ 29 Flight Simulator II $42 Geopolitique 1990 $29 J-Bird $27 Broadsides * . . • $29 Eagles $29 Oil Barons ......$39 Education Sticky Bear Numbers .... $ 30 Sticky Bear ABC/ $ 30 In S^rch of the Most Amazing Thing .... $ 29 Hey Diddle Diddle/ Spinnaker >^ • * $ 22 Snooper Troops #1/ Spinnaker ....,.........$ 32 Snooper Troops #2/ Spinnaker $ 32 Delta Drawing/ Spinnaker $ 35 Story Machine/Spinnaker $ 27 Face Maker/ Spinnaker ..$27 Rhymes & Riddles/ Spinnaker $ 27 PLATO Whole Numbers .$ 39 PLATO Decimals $ 39 PLATO Fractions $ 39 Alien Counter/ Face FTash/Milliken $ 26 Gulp & Arrow Graphics/Milliken $ 26 Juggles Rainbow/ Learning Co $ 22 Bumble Games/ Learning Co $ 29 Bumble Plot/ Learning Co $ 29 Gertrudes Secrets/ Learning Co. S 32 Gertrudes Puzzles/ Learning Co, .,......,..$ 32 Rooky's Boots/ Learning Co ,..,.$ 36 Compu-Read/ Edu-Ware . $ 25 Spelling Bee w/ Reading Primer $ 29 Algebra I/Edu-Ware $ 36 Fractions/Edu-Ware $ 36 Decimals/ Edu-Ware $ 36 Master Type/ Lightning . . $ 29 Type Attack/Sirius $ 29 New Step by Step/PDI ... $ 59 Word Attack/ Davidson $ 36 Math Blaster/Davidson . . $ 36 Speed Reader II/David$on$ 45 Spellicopter/Designware $ 27 Micro Multiplication/ Hayden $ 20 Songwriter/ Scarborough $ 29 Picture writer /Scarborough $ 29 Koalagrams Spelling I ... $ 29 Spidereater/ Koala $ 22 Mathmaze/ Design ware . . $ 29 SAT/Harcourt Brace $ 59 Business BRODERBUND The Bank Street Writer . . $ 49 The Bank Street Speller . . $ 49 CONTINENTAL SOFTWARE The Home Accountant ... $ 48 F.CM ....,$ 62 G/U A/R, A/P, Payroll Ea. $159 CPA Module No. 5- Property Mgmt $305 HOWARD SOFTWARE Creative Financing $159 Real Estate Analyzer II. . . $139 Tax Preparer 1983 $199 lUS Professional Easy writer ... $125 Original Easy writer ......$ 72 Pro. Easywriter/ Mailer Combo $215 Orig. Easywriter/ Mailer Combo .$ 99 MONOGRAM Dollars & Sense $ 72 MICRO LAB The Tax Manager 1983 .. . $129 Data Factory 5.0 .$215 Payroll Manager $215 MICRO PRO (All Reg. Z-80) Wordstar .....$259 Infostar ...$259 Reportstar $229 4 Pak Word-Mail- Spell-Star $459 SIERRA ON-LINE Homeword * $ 36 Screenwriter II $ 95 The Dictionary $ 72 Screenwriter Professional $145 The General Manager U $169 PBL CORPORATION Personal Investor $105 SILICON VALLEY Word Handler II $45 List Handler $ 39 "The Handlers" $85 SOFTWARE PUBLISHING PFS: File ..,.....$ 85 PFS: Report $ 85 PFS: Graph............ $ 85 Computer Outlet 1 095 East Twain, Las Vegas, N V 891 09 Mon.-Fri. 8 a.m. to 6 p.m., Sat. 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1-800-634-6766 SHIPPING: For fast delivery, cashier checks, money orders or direct bank wires. Personal and company checks, allow 3 weeks to clear. CCD. charges: $3 minimum or 1 % on orders over$300. Nevada residents add 5%% sates tax. Shipping charges based on weight $3 minimum. APO and FPO orders: $1 minimum and 1 5% on all orders over $1 00. Schooi artd business purchase orders welcome. All returns must be accompanied by return authorization number. Call (702) 369-5523 before returning goods for replacement. Prices reflect cash discount only aod are subject to change. Catalogs: .50e U.S., $1.00 foreign. Circle 254 on Reader Service card. May 1984 &ider 91 circle 56 on Reader Service card. AMPERGRAPH is a powerful, easy-to-use relocatable graphics utility for the Apple II -t-/e. AMPERGRAPH adds twenty-two Applesoft com- mands that allow effortless generation of profes- sional-looking plots of scientific or financial data. All of the necessary scaling and screen formatting is ac- complished with just a few, simple Applesoft lines. Unlike most other plotting systems for the Apple II which are stand-alone systems, the AMPERGRAPH utility provides extended BASIC graphics language macros that you can use directly in your own Ap- plesoft programs. The additional commands are &SCALE, &LIMIT, &AXES, &GRID, &FRAME, &LOG X, &LOG Y, &LABEL AXES, &LABEL, &VLABEL, &CENTER LABEL, &CENTER VUBEL, &DRAW, &PENUP. &CR0S8. &OPEN SQUARE. &CLOSED SQUARE, &OPEN OrRCLE, &CLOSED CIRCLE, &ERROR BARS, &DUMP (to dump the graph on a Siientype printer) and &*DUMP (to llftlClWl AMER- DUMP, see below). * ^i- $45.00 SAMPLE AMPERGRAPH PROGRAM L^NQ: to &SCALE, 0, 80. 80. 13000 15 LX$ = "TIME (SECONDSr:LY$ = "VELOCITY (CM/SEC)" 20 &LOG Y: &LABEL AXES, IQ, 10 25 LABELS - "VELOCITY VS. TIME":&UBEL, 30, 200 30 FORT = 0TO80:&DRAW,T,150+TI&NEXTT 35 FORT = 10TO 70 STEP 10 40 &CLOSED SQUARE. T. (150 4 Tt2)%8 -I- 4*RND0n A§ &ERROR BARS. 5. Tt2/2 SO NEXT T:&DUMP 10 20 30 40 90 CO 70 rilK IMOWWI AMPERDUMP is a high-resolution graphics dump utility which can be used either in menu-driven mode, or directly from your Applesoft program, with, or without AMPERGRAPH. The following printers will work with AMPERDUMP: Epson MX-80. FX-80, MX.100; Apple DMP, NEC PC-8023A-C, C. ITCH 1550, ^10A/B, 8600. AMPERDUMP offers many features which are not available In other graphics dump routines: * Horizontal magnifications: 3 with Epson printers (2.33 to 6.99 inches); 12 with all others (1 .75 to 7.78 inches) * Vertical magnifications: 9 with Epson printers (0.88 to 7.96 inches); 6 with all others (1 .33 to 8,00 inches) * Horizontal and vertical magnifications can be specified independently. ' Normal / Inverso dumps * Fast * Adjustable horizontal tab * Easy to use * Compatible with AMPERGRAPH * Relocatable $40.00 The AMPERGRAPH and AMPERDUMP graphics utilities require an Apple II +/e (or Apple II with language card). The AMPERDUMP utility requires one of the following Interface cards: Epson, Apple. Grappler, Interactive Structures. Mountain Com- puter, Epson Type2, Tymac, or Microbuffer II. AMPERGRAPH and AMPERDUMP are available from your dealer or order direct. Include $2.00 for shipping and handling; Wisconsin residents add 5% sales tax. mod 111 est S O F T Wr R € 121 N. Rllen St. madison, Wl 53705 606-238-4875 S BASIC DOS COMMAND HANDLER FILE MANAGER FILE BUFFER DISK Rttturn systw control to MStC. Int«r«ept CTRL-D end pass syetan eontrol to HQS. ^^^^ Parse *'C1j08 ""St END Parse ''CLOSBT eomiaiid md cell tibe spproprlat* Fil* Manaxsr rotttliitt. I ' Sssrch tiuroiieli tbe Pile Wmm in tto FILE BUFFESS for file •TO-- 5 Updats tiM FU« ffeneter Psrwwt w List to indicate tiM file is *XLOSED.* Rsturn syetSK control to BASIC. fi2 ftider M^rl984 various schemes have been devised to do just that (see "Oaer" in Nibble, Vol- ume 3, Number 5). Unfortunately, this scheme just won't work for text files. Figure 2 sliows tfiat text ffles are handled one byte at a time. Memory space must be allocated for the string, the strii^ must be prasessed into that memory spaise and the variable table must be updated— a very slow process. As a result, the extra disk rotation is re- quired to allow time for DOS to pro- cess each sector of text — maybe even more if garbage collection is required. To speed up teset file reads and writes, we must be able to bypass the file manager to load text files directly into memory — a highly critical opera- tion. See "Further Reading for pro- grams tMt speed teri: file handling. Further Reading • "Text File Fast Loader," AB Mnm DOS, A.P.P.L.E. • "Amper Reader * Mbbfe, Volume 2, Number 1. • "Amper-speed,"* M&6fe, Volume 3, Number 3. • 'having and Loading Arrays in Ap- plesoft," kpple Orchard, Winter 1980. • "Amper Disk Storage and Recall," M>hU, Volume 2, Number 6. More to Come Next monthy we will look at text files lliemselves and rdate Aan to the in- formation we have learned so far about the computer. In the meantime, have some random thoughts about the sequ^ice of information we have dis- cussed so 6ir.H ® SANYO MONITOR SALEII 9" Data Monitor 80 Columns x 24 lines Green text display Easy to read - no eye strain Up front brightness control High resolution graphics Quick start - no preheating Regulated power supply Attractive metal cabinet UL and FCC approved 15 Day Free Trial - 90 Day Immediate Replacement Warranty 9'' Screen - Green Text Display *$ eg.oo 12'' Screen -Green Text Display (anthreflective screen^ *$ 99,00 ^2" Screen - Amber Text Display (anti-reflective screen) *$ 99.00 14'' Screen - Color Monitor (national brand) *$239.00 *PLUS $9.95 for Connecting Cable. Display Monitors From Sanyo With the need for computing power growing every day, Sanyo has stepped in to meet the demand with a whole new line of low cost, high quality data monitors. Designed for commercial and personal com- puter use. All models come with an array of features, including up* front brightness and contrast controls. The capacity 5x7 dot characters as the input is 24 lines of characters with up to 80 characters per line. Equally important, all are built with Sanyo's commitment to technological excellence. In the world of Audio/Video, Sanyo is synonymous with reliability and performance. And Sanyo quality is reflected in our reputation. Unlike some suppliers, Sanyo designs, manufactures and tests virtually all the parts that go into our products, from cameras to stereos. That*s an assurance not everybody can give you! Official Video Prtxkscts ofthelmAngeksf984Qh^p$cs • LOWEST PRICES • 15 DAY FREE TRIAL • 90 DAY FREE REPLACEMENT WARRANTY • BEST SERVICE IN U.S.A. • ONE DAY EXPRESS MAIL • OVER 500 PROGRAMS * FREE CATALOGS t Add $10.00 for shipping, handling and Insurance. Illinois residents f I please add 6% tax. Add $20.00 for CANADA, PUERTO RICO, HAWAII | I orders. WE DO NOT EXPORT TO OTHER COUNTRIES. | I Enclose Cashiers Check. Money Order or Personal Check. Allow 14 f I days for delivery, 2 to 7 days for phone orders, 1 day express maill I I Canada orders must be In U.S. dollars. Visa - MasterCard • C.O.D. | Cireie 274 on Reader Service card. £|\|*^^f)Pf^|2^§ (WE LOVE OUR CUSTOMERS) BOX 550, BARRINGTON, ILLINOIS 00010 Phone 312/382-5244 to order May 1984 ^ider 93 Circle 274 on Reader Service card, 80 COLUMN PRINTER SALE— $149.00* COMSTAR • Lowest Priced, Best Quality, Tractor- Friction Printers in the U.S.A. Fast 80-120-160 Characters Per Second • 40, 46, 66, 80, 96, 132 Characters Per Line Spacing • Word Processing • Print LatMis, Lettera, Graphs and Tables • List Your Programs Print Out Data from Modem Services • "The Most Important Accessory for Your Computer" *STX-80 COLUMN PRINTER— $149.00 Prints full 80 columns. Super silent operation, 60 CPS, prints Hi-resolution graphics and block graphics, expanded character set, exceptionally clear characters, fantastic print quality, uses inexpensive thermal paper! Best thermal printer In the U.S.A.! (Centronics Parallel Interface). **DELUXE COMSTAR T/F 80 CPS PRINTER— $199.00 The COMSTAR T/F (Tractor Friction) PRINTER is exceptionally versatile. It prints BVi" x IV' standard size single sheet stationary or continuous feed com- puter paper. Bi-directional, impact dot matrix, 80 CPS, 224 characters. (Cen- tronics Parallel Interface). Premium Quality— 120 CPS COMSTAR T/F SUPER-10X PRINTER— $289.00 COMSTAR T/F (Tractor Friction) SUPER- 10X PRINTER gives you all the features of the COMSTAR T/F PRINTER plus a 10" carriage, 120 CPS, 9 x 9 dot matrix with double strike capability for 18 x 18 dot matrix (near letter quality), high resolution bit image (120 x 144 dot matrix), underlining, back spacing, left and right margin settings, true lower decenders with super and subscripts, prints standard, italic, block graphics and special characters, plus 2K of user definable characters! The COMSTAR T/F SUPER-10X PRINTER was Rated No. 1 by "Popular Science Magazine." It gives you print quality and features found on printers costing twice as much!! (Cen- tronics Parallel Interface) (Better than Ep- son FX 80). Premium Quality— 120 CPS COMSTAR T/F SUPER-1514" PRINTER-$379.00 COMSTAR T/F SUPER 15%" PRINTER has all the features of the COMSTAR T/F SUPER-10X PRINTER plus a 15%" car- riage and more powerful electronics components to handle large ledger business forms! (Better than Epson FX 100). Superior Quality SUPERHIGH SPEED-160 CPS COMSTAR T/F 10" PRINTER-$489.00 SUPER HIGH SPEED COMSTAR T/F (Tractor Friction) PRINTER has all the features of the COMSTAR SUPER-10X PRINTER plus SUPER HIGH SPEED PRINTING— 160 CPS, 100% duty cycle, 8K buffer, diverse character fonts, special symbols and true decenders, ver- tical and horizontal tabs. RED HOT BUSINESS PRINTER at an unbelievable low price!! (Serial or Centronics Parallel Interface) I I Superior Quality SUPER HIGH SPEED-160 CPS COMSTAR T/F 15%" PRINTER-$579.00 SUPER HIGH SPEED COMSTAR T/F 15V2" PRINTER has all the features of the SUPER HIGH SPEED COMSTAR T/F 10" PRINTER plus a ISVj" carriage and more powerful electronics to handle larger ledger business forms! Exclusive bottom paper feed!! PARALLEL INTERFACES For VIC-20 and COM-64^$49.00 For All Apple Computers— $79.00 NOTE: Other printer interfaces are available at computer stores! Double Immediate Replacement Warranty We have doubled the normal 90 day war- ranty to 180 days. Therefore if your printer fails within ''ISO days" from the date of purchase you simply send your printer to us via United Parcel Service, prepaid. We will IMMEDIATELY send you a replacement printer at no charge, prepaid. This warranty, once again, proves that WE LOVE OUR CUSTOMERS! I Add $17.50 for shipping, handling and insurance. WE DO NOT EXPORT j TOOTHER COUNTRIES EXCEPT CANADA. j I Enclose Cashiers Check, Money Order or Personal Check. Allow 14 days 1 I for delivery, 2 to 7 days for phone orders, 1 day express mall! Canada ■ I orders must be In U.S. dollars. VISA — MASTER CARD ACCEPTED. We | ^ship C.O.D. j SUPErTo" cJd^F GH ITj KL rilslOF'CIRSTUVMXVZ ABCDEFQHIJKLHNOPQRBTUVWXYZ 1. 234S g|^^^f)PP|2[ES OWELOViOURCUSTOMEl^) BOX 550, BARRINGTON, ILLINOIS 60010 Phone 312/362-5244 to order O Olympia • SUPERB COMPUTER PRINTER COMBINED WITH WORLD'S FINEST ELECTRONIC TYPEWRITER! • BETTER THAN IBM SELECTRIC — USED BY WORLD'S LARGEST CORPORATIONS! • TWO MACHINES IN ONE — JUST A FLICK OF THE SWITCH! • SUPERB EXECUTIVE CORRESPONDENCE — HOME, OFFICE, WORD PROCESSING! « EXTRA LARGE CARRIAGE - ALLOWS 14-1/8" PAPER USAGE! • DROP IN CASSETTE RIBBON — EXPRESS LIFT OFF CORRECTION OR ERASER UP TO 46 CHARACTERS! • PRECISION DAISY WHEEL PRINTING — MANY TYPE STYLES! • PITCH SELECTOR - 10, 12, 15 CPS, AUTOMATIC RELOCATE KEY! • AUTOMATIC MARGIN CONTROL AND SETTING! KEY IN BUFFER! • ELECTRONIC RELIABILITY. BUILT IN DIAGNOSTIC TEST! • CENTRONICS PARALLEL INTERFACE BUILT-IN (SERIAL OPTIONAL)! • 15 DAY FREE TRIAL — 90 DAY FREE REPLACEMENT WARRANTY! COMBINATION "DAISY WHEEL" PRINTER / TYPEWRITER i Add $17.50 for shipping and handling!! I I Enclose Cashiers Check, Money Order or Personal Check. Allow I I 14 days for delivery, 2 to 7 days for phone orders, 1 day express I I mail! Canada orders nnust be in U.S. dollars. VISA — MASTER 1 I CARD ACCEPTED. We ship C.O.D. ' BOX 550, BARRINGTON, ILLINOIS 60010 Phone 312/382-5244 to order Circle 274 on Reader Service card. May 1984 6ider 95 THE HOTTEST NEW VIDEO IN TOWN Introducing Hayden Book Company IS latest innovation- videotapes. Relaxed. Friendly And easy to follow. These 30- minute videotapes provide the user with the fastest, easiest approach to the setup, operation, even programming of an Apple computer Problem Solving in BASIC with the Apple Me " (Betove-Laiserin) Don't frustrate yourself trying to understand technical instruction manuals. Sit back in your favorite easy chair. Turn on your set. Load the cassette. And let your VCR do the rest. What you get is a visual tour of top-down programnning on your Apple He— how you state a problem, how you break that prob- lem into workable modules or subroutines, then how you actually write BASIC instruc- tions for each step. Available in both VHS (#6321) and BETA (#6322) formats. $59.95 each. Brush up on your BASICS with . . . Basic Apple™ BASIC (Coan) The instant bestseller that spawned an entire series of machine-specific ver- sions. Over 80 programs in all, even some that get you into using the screen editor, immediate mode execution, and the mem- ory capacity for graphics. Perfect compan- ion to the Apple videotape, #5626 $14.95 Apple is a trademark of Apple Computer Company, which is not affili- ated with Hayden Book Company. Fyices subject to change. - I -^^^ HAYDEN Order by Phone 1-800-631-0856 operator IN54 • In NJ call (20*) 393-6315 96 feider May Vm Circle 291 on Reader Service card. The Applesoft Adviser by Dan Bishop The Sort Index Cever.1 .eada. hav« written me Vjover the last few months to re- quest a series of articles on data structures within Basic. Like many other fields of study, data structures can be dealt with in a highly ab- stract and theoretical form. The subject can also be approached from a practical applications point of view, and you can rest assured that that is how I intend to treat it in my articles. First, Some Hints Before starting with this month's topic, the sort index, I would like to provide a solution to a problem that keeps coming up in my mail. I call it "The Case of the Elusive Syntax Er- ror." There are two situations that bring this problem about. The first occurs when there is a syntax error in a user-defined function (a line that begins DEF FN . . the second when there is a syntax error in a data state- ment. In both cases a program will crash with the message SYNTAX ERROR IN LINE The line number given in the error message is not, however, the line containing the S5mtax error. It is the line that contains the refer- ence to the function or data state- ment. To find the real location of the syntax error, you need to go back in the program to the DEF FN instruc- tion or the DATA line. For example, type in the following two-line pro- gram and attempt to run iti 10DEFFNA(X) - X*(X-1 20 PRINT FNA(IO) You will receive a SYNTAX ERROR IN 20 message, even though there is no problem with line 20 at all. The problem is in the line where the FNA function was first defined, line 10. A similar problem crops up when you are using a system that requires adhering to specific syntax rules for data statements (not in Applesoft Basic). Some systems require that each comma in a list of data ele- ments be followed by a space before the next data element is defined. If you leave the space out, you will get the elusive syntax error. For example: 10 DATA 18, 22,33, 14, 8,12 2aFORI«lT0 6 25 READ A 30 NEXT I will result in a SYNTAX ERROR IN 25 message. The error, of course, is really in line 10. If you aren't aware of this feature, you can spend hours pulling your hair out and kicking the dog, trying to determine how a simple line like READ A can have a syntax error! Why a Sort Index If you have a list of five or ten names, stored in RAM in an array, and you wish to keep these names in alphabetical order, it is a very sim- ple task to re-order the list whenever you add another name so that the new one appears in its alphabetical- ly correct position. However, most lists are not so simply handled. The lists themselves are usually much longer, involving hundreds or thou- sands of names. The records that need to be alphabetized are not all in a simple RAM array. They are usu- ally individual records stored on disk. The time and loss of efficiency that would result with every attempt to re-sort such a large disk file would seriously cut into the computer's use- fulness. After all, what does it take to insert a new record into an alpha- betically organized filing cabinet? The solution to this dilemma lies in the sort index. When a file has a sort index, any new record to be added to the file is placed in the most convenient location. If there were a vacancy resiJting from a deleted record, then that location would be a logical one for the new record. If the file had no such vacancies, then the new record would be appended to the end of the file. The actual or- der of appearance of records within the file is of no importance. What is important is where this new record's location number, or record number (RN), appears in the sort index. The sort index, which is simply a one-dimensional array of integers, is kept in RAM and must be re-sorted every time a record is add- ed or deleted from the file. This in- dex keeps a list of record numbers such that their order within the list corresponds to the alphabetical or- der of the records themselves. Figure 1 illustrates how the elements in a sort index keep the file organized. The records in a file can be scanned or searched alphabetically by using the clients within the sort index to specify the sequence in which rec- ords are to be accessed. Listing 1 provides a simple program to illus- Wnte to Dan Bishop at Custom Comp, FO Box 429, Buena Vista, CO 81211. May 1984 dicier 97 Now you can get all the help you need to improve your Apple* computing sidils. . .in one place. inCider g^ves you more practical information on Apple prod- ucts and programming than any other source. Every issue covers the field for you with these instructive colunms: • The Applesoft Adviser discloses the subtleties of programming in Applesoft Bam, • The Assembly Advantage reveals the power of Assembly language program- ming. • Bent on Business explains the best ways to increase office productivity with your Apple. • Fudge It! shows you how to add eye- catching color, hi-res, and sprite graph- ics to your print-outs and games. • Interaction— A Child's World gives you fun programs to introduce your chil- dren to computing. • Ill's Company unlocks the hardware & software secrets of the Apple III. • Hints 'n* Techniques offers affordable so- lutions to everyday computing problems. Hiat's not aU. Every month over a dozen easy-to-imderstand articles bring you the latest hardware projects, utiHties, applications, games, and Pascal & Logo programs & tips. Now you can: • make every purchase a soimd invest- ment with the candid buyer's guides and product reviews. • use the colorful ads to comparison-shop from home. • read about new products before they reach the stores. With all this at your fingertips, you could save the cost of your subscription with one wise purchase. And your subscription to inCider is risk-free. If you don't like your first issue, just write "cancel" across the invoice and return it to us. You won't owe a thing. Subscribe to inCider today. A full year is only $24.97. Fill out the coupon below or the attached order card right now, and return it to: inCider Subscription Depart- ment, PO Box 911, Farmingdale NY 11737. For even faster service, call toll free: 1 |800) 25S-5473 In New Hampshire call 1-924-9471. Get a 13th issue FREE whenyou enclose payment or charge it onyour Mastercard, Visa, or American Express. *Apple K a registered trademark of Apple Computer Inc. I ENTER my subscription to inCider for one year at I $24.97. I understand that with payment enclosed or f credit card order I will receive a FREE issue, making a I total of 13 issues for $24.97.* TTUs offer voids all previous offers. ■f ' ■ I □ Check enclosed □ MC DVISA D AE nBiUme I Card # Exp. dat e Signature. Name Address . City _ State. _Zip_ Canada and Mexico $27.97. i year onbj. USJunds draum on US bank. Foreign surface $44.97, 1 year only, US Jimds drawn on US bank. Pteose aliow 6-8 weeks for delivery. Foreign airmail please inquire. inCider® • PO Box 911 • Farmingdale, NY 11737 345F5 The Applesoft Adviser trate how this concept works. Al- though this listing and Listing 2 use read/data instructions to set up the records list into an array, the same principles apply to accessing records directly out of disk files. In these ^- amples, the sort indac ddntaim the subscript reference to the record ar- ray. With disk files, the array ele- ments in the sort index reference ac- tual record numbers in a random access disk file. With Listing 1, note that, al- though the data records in the array are listed in random order, when the sort index is used to access these rec- ords they are brought out in alpha- betical order. The key to using the sort index lies in line 140. Note that if records are accessed by merely us- ing the loop counter — thus A$(I) — the records are printed in the order of their occurrence in the file (or array). On the other hand, if the subscript used is the value pr^nt in the sort index array, N(I), then the records, accessed by A$(N(I)), are retrieved in alphabetical order. It does take some acclimating to be comfortable xMng a subsmpted variable such as N(I) as a satecript itself! The Binary Search Of course, in actual use a sort in- dex must be set up to allow addi- tions, deletions and re-ordering functions to take place. And in order to carry out those functions an effi- cient search routine must be avail- able that can use the index elements and rapidly search through the file (or array) . This search routine has to perform two functions. For the case where it is being used to locate a rec- ord already in the file, it must scan through the file to find the desired record. On the other hand, when a new record is to be added to the file, the search routine has to scan through the file to determine where the new record should be placed. That is, it must determine where the new record's actual location (record number) is to be placed in the sort index array. The simplest way to handle such a search is to go through the file se- 10 REM LISTING 1 - USING A SORT INDEX 20 DATA "JOHN", "BARRY", "ZAK", "TOM", "MARY", "SUE", "HARRY", 30 DATA 2, B, 7, 1, S, 6, 4, 3 39 REM READ NAMES INTO A* ARRAY 40 FOR 1=1 TO 8 50 READ A* (I) 60 NEXT 1 69 REM READ INDEX INTO N ARRAY 70 FOR I«l TO 8 aO READ N<I> 90 NEXT I 99 REM DISPLAY ARRAY AND SORTED LIST too HOME 110 PRINT "ORIGINAL LIST" ; TAB (20) ; "SORTED LIST" 120 PRINT 130 FOR 1=1 TO 8 140 PRINT A*(I) ;TAB(20> ;A*(N(IJ > 150 NEXT I 160 END Listing 1. Simple mitnple of the use of a sort index. quentially, reading records in order until the correct record has been lo- cated. This method may work for small files, or even for files that are located completely in RAM as large data arrays. However, when the RECORD NUMBER 8 N(0)<— — NUMBER OF CURRENT NEW YORK 4 N(l 1 RECORDS 2 CHICAGO 2 3 DENVER 3 NO) 4 ALBANY 7 N(4) 5 ST. LOUIS 6 N(9) 6 LOS ANGELES Nt6) 7 DETROIT 5 fH7) 8 WASHINGTON 8 N(B) 9 9 — NEXT AVAILABLE 10 10 N(tO) RECORD Fi^re 1, The sort index, N(i), contains the record numbers for the sorted file, with these numbers listed in alphabetical se- qtm^' fhe elements in the sort index are pointers to individual records in the sorted fUe. files are disk files, and only one rec- ord at a time can be transferred to RAM for scrutiny, this method be- comes paiirfuHy slow. Listing 2 illustrates a superior ap- proach for any type of search through a file that is ordered alphabetically. Of course, in this case the ordering is done through the index rather than the file itself, but the computer doesn't know that. A binary search through a file is an efficient way to locate a given record within the file. A single rec- ord in a Me oontdning over 1000 records can be located with 11 or fewer accesses. The concept is sim- ple. You first divide the file in half and pull out the central record in the ordered file. If the record you are searching for comes before this rec- ord (alphabetically) then you needn't waste time looking through the last half of the file. Reset the maximum to this central point, and find the record that lies halfway between the start of the file and the new maximum. Suppose now^ that your record comes after the record just selected from the file. This means you can chuck the front fourth of the file, just as you previously discarded the back half of the file. With two com- parisons, you have eliminated three fourths of the file. Continuing in this fashion allows you to narrow the field by half each time until the en- tire file has been scanned. The binary search subroutine in Listing 2 begins at line 2500. This subroutine assumes that the data be- ing scaimed is stored in the A$(i) ar- ray and diat tiiis array has a sort in- dex N(i) , The item you are searching for is defined as DD$, and the size of the file is stored in N(0). Within the routine, MN is the bot- tom index subscript and MX is die top index subscript for the portion of the file currently being scanned. Of course, at the start MN is set to 1 and MX is set to N(0). Lines 2510-2535 handle the special case where these two values differ by only one. On the other hand, lines 2550-2565 deal with the more common situation. May 1984 &ider 99 The Applesoft Adviser Figure 2. Flow chart for the binary search routine presented in Listing 2. DD$ is the item being searched for in a file containing N(0) records. If a match is founds the subroutine re- turns AdA, the index subscript for the desired record. IN THE SORTED LIST. 5 REM Listing 2 - US INS A SORT INDEX WITH A BINA*^Y SEARCH 10 DATA JANE, MARY, SUE, ALICE, DUIN, AVON, BARRY, SALLY, JUNE 20 DATA 9,4,6,7,1,9,2,5,8,3 30 FDR 1=1 TO 9 35 READ A*(I) 40 NEXT I 45 FOR 1=0 TO 9 50 READ N<n 55 NEXT I 60 INPUT "ENTER NAME TO BE FOUND (OR <STOP> ).,,"|DD* 65 IF DD#-"8T0P" THEN END 70 SF-li G08UB 2500 i 8F-0 75 IF MA-0 THEN 60 80 PRINT A*<NCMA>)j" IS RECORD 85 PRINT "AND IS ITEM # ";MAj" 90 PRINT 95 GOTO 60 999 REM PAUSE ROUTINE 1000 FOR I-l TO 1 000 H NEXT Is RETURN 2499 REM BINARY SEARCH ROUTINE 2500 MN-li MX=N(0) 2505 IF (MX-MN)>1 THEN 2550 2510 MM=MN 2515 BOSUB 2590 2520 IF D*>=DD* THEN 2570 2525 MN=MN+1; MM=MN 2530 IF MN>N(0) THEN 2570 2535 GOTO 2510 2550 MM=MN + INT ( (MX-MN) /2 + .1) 2555 eOSUB 2590 2560 IF D*>DD* THEN MX=MM: GOTO 2505 2565 IF D«<DD« THEN MN-MM: GOTO 2505 2570 MA»MM 257S IF D*«DD* THEN 25B5 2580 IF SF=1 THEN PRINT "Sorry, MO match fcmnd 2585 RETURN 2590 RN^N(MM> 2595 0«-A«<RN>i RETURN Listing 2. The binary search routine, key to the use of the sort index. |HA«Os 608UB 1000 The midpoint between MN and MX is determined (line 2550) as MM and record N(MM) is retrieved from the ffle as D$. . If D$ is greater tfian DD$, then MX is reset to MM, discarding the top half of the file. If D$ is less than DD$, then MN is reset to MM, dis- carding the lower half of the file. When a match is found, MA is set to the sort index subscript that contains the desired record number. If no match is found after searching the entire file, a message to that effect is displayed. There is one other function built into Listing 2. When a new record is added, the file must be searched in ejcacdy the same manner. In this case me program is not expecting to find an exact match, but rather to determine the location for this new record. The procedure is the same, except that when the entire file has been searched to find the new rec- ord's location the subroutine does not display the NO MATCH FOUND message. Instead, the value of MA is returned to the main program. This value corresponds to the location for inserting the new record's record number into the sort index. A flag value, SF, is set prior to using the bi- nary search subroutine. If SF has a value of 1, then the subroutine ex- pects to find a match in a search; if SF has a value of 0, then the subrou- tine expects tsD locate the correct po- sition for a new record. Figure 2 presents the flowchart for th^ sub- routine. In most applications, the records will not be stored in RAM as an ar- ray. The only change that needs to be made to this subroutine to handle disk files is line 2595. The record nimiber is determined in line 2590, and this record number can then be used in a set of disk access instruc- tions to pull out record RN, set D$ equal to that part of the record being used for the comparison in the search, and then return. Everything else in the subroutine will function the same way. Setting Up the KttdteK In both of the previous examples 100 &ider May 19S4 Forbidden Fruit. about it ... ''NO PROGRAM IS PERFECT FOR EVERYONE. " All of them will soon need improvements, updates, additions and other modifications. But Copy-Protection of a disk prevents you from making changes! Copy-Protection is: anti-back-up (it does not let you back up the disk.) anti-^Hsttog (it prevents you from viewing the listings.) anti-customizing (you cannot alter it to fit your needs.) in other words ... it is: ANTI-USER! HARDCORE Computist: • opposes copy-protection as it is now used, • will reveal how it is done and un-done. • shows users how to back up such disks. Subscribe NOW to a users magazine. *2S a year for 12 information packed issaes. □ Send me one year (12 issues) of HARDCORE OGmputist. U.S. $25 APO/FPO (1st Class) $34 Canada $34 Mexico $39 Name . IC1 All Others $60 Address City _ State Zip Country Phone □ VISA □ MC #. Exp Date . Signature U.S. funds only. Make checics payable to: SoftKey Publishing NOT ANY MORE! SoftKey Publishing P.O. Box 44549. . . .Tacoma, WA 98444 May 1984 feider 101 The Applesoft Adviser the sort index was already estab- lished for the data set used. In a real application the index needs to start with no records and adjust itself as new records are added or deleted. This problem is not nearly as diffi- cult as it looks. The key feature in performing these functions lies in the binary search routine described above. When first setting up the sort in- dex, you need to determine the max- imum number of records to be kept in the alphabetized sort list. This is necessary in orda: to properly di- mension the sort index, and also to set it up with initial values that will keep the index functional as new records are added and deleted. The first entry into the index will correspond to the current number of active records included in the index. At the start, that value is and is kept in N(0). All of the remaining elements in the index wiU contain a value that corresponds to the "next available record." You can then al- ways look to index element N(0) + 1 to find a value that tells where the next available record in your file will be. This will correspond to the record number you assign to the next record added to the file. For example, if you have added ten records to the file, with no rec- ords being deleted, then N(0) = 10 and elements 1-10 in your index file will contain the numbers 1-10 (but probably not in sequential order, unless you just happened to enter the ten records alphabetically). The next available record will be record 11. This number should be obtained by looking at the value of N(ll). As you can tell from this, the first thing to do before using the index file is to assign every element a number that corresponds to the value of its own subscript. The subroutine at 2200 handles this: 10 DIM N(IOO) 2200 FOR 1=0 TON 2205 N(I) = I 2210 NEXT I 2215 RETURN Now, whenever you have a new record to add, you need only check the value contained in N(N(0) + 1) to BEFORE DELETING RECORD 12 NIO) 7 ^ N(21 N(3) N{4) AFTER DELETING RECORD 12 N (6} NI7) N(9) N(I0) N(in N(I2) Figure 3. Comparison of 0ie sort index be- fore and after record number 12 is deleted. Note that the record number is not discard- ed. Ra^, it is added to the top of the list. The next addlUon made to ^fUewUl use record rmmber 12 for the actual location to store ^ new rec&rd. find the appropriate next-available slot in the array or file to store the new record. When you delete a record, you compress the "active part" of the in- dex array and place the removed re- cord's record ntmiber at the top of the active list. Thus you keep track of va- cancies as they are produced in the file and can simply refer to the top of the active list to find where the next available record vacancy lies. For example, suppose record 12 (sort ind^ position 5) were removed from the file. Referring to Figure 3, BEFORE ADDING NEW RECORD AFTER ADDING NEW RECORD N(M N(4) N(5) Nt6) N(7) Nt8) N{9y NdO) Ntin NtlZI -NEW RECORD TO BE INSERTED HERE -NEXT AVAILABLE RECORD — J^tam 4. Comparism of the sort index be- fore and after a new record is added to the file. Tlw binary search rouHne determiri&i that the new record dmM he 0m second item in the alphabeticd Ust, you will notice that, for this opera- tion, MA = 5 and N(MA) = 12. The following sequence handles the dele- tion from the sort index: 2000T = N(MA) 2005 FOR I = MA TO N(0) - 1 2010 N(I)=N(I + 1) 2015 NEXT I 2020 N(N(0)) = T 2025 N(0)=N(0)"1 2030 RETURN This short routine resets the entire index array from element MA to the top, squeezing out the old record number and rq>lacing it at the tcq? of the active list so it will be the first used when a new record is entered. Adding New Records In a sense, adding records to the sort index is just the opposite of de- leting them. You need to conduct a binary search (with SF = 0) to find a value for MA that ooireiq[X)nds to the location your new record should oc- cupy in die sort index. You also need to get this record's actual record number by checking die next avail- able record from your sort index, de- ment N(N(0) + 1). Place the record in the file or array, and use the follow- ing subroutine to merge the new rec- ord number into its appropriate posi- tion in the index: 2100 RN=N(N(0) + 1) 2105 IF N(0) = THEN 2125 2110 FOR I = N(0) TO MA STEP - 1 2115 N(I + 1)-N(I) 2120 NEXT I 2125 N(MA) = RN 2130 N(0) - N(0) + 1 2135 RETURN Figure 4 illustrates this expansion of the sort index to accommodate the new record. Of course, the value for MA must be obtaii^ firom the bina- ry search routine before this subrou- tine is called. Listing 3 illustrates the full use of a sort index on the A$(i) array. Again let me emphasize that the techniques present^ here will work as easily on disk files as on a RAM ar- ray by merely changing the refer- ences to the A$(i) array in the pro- gram to subroutines handling disk I/O procedures. When using disk fil^, the sort index must, of course. 102 &ider May 1984 Games Lodt Runner...... 24.00 Exodus: Ultima Wl........ 41.00 MinitMan , 13,50 Sargonlll . 37.00 Airsim-3 34i)0 Flight Simulator II 39iN) TheQuest 13.50 Masquerade 26.00 Starcross 27.00 Cubit 28.00 Suspended 34.00 Zaxxon 27.00 Odesta Chess 7.0 52.00 Caverns of Callisto 26.00 Wizardry 35.00 Knight of Diamonds 24.00 Legacy of Llylgamyn 29.00 Microbe 30.00 Zorkl.lUrlll 27.00 Witness 34.00 Deadline 34.00 Time Zone 65i)0 Cosmic Balance II Galactic Adventures 41.00 Bomb Alley 41.00 Geopolitique1990 29.00 Epidemic! 29.00 North Atlantic '86 43j00 Germany 1985 41.00 Broadsides 29.00 The Darl< Crystal 27.00 Caverns of Freitag 20.00 TheEnchantor 37.00 Quest for Tires 26.00 Castle Wolfenstein 20.00 Beneath Apple Manor Spec. Ed- ... 20.00 Choplifter! 24.00 Stellar/...................... 24.00 Frogger 24.00 The Mask of the Sun 27.00 Spare Change 23.00 Miner 2049er 30.00 Planettall 34.00 Pinball Construction Set 22.00 Chivalry . ............... The Coveted Mirror 13.50 Eagles 29.00 Pinball Construction Set 28.00 Maze Craze Construction Set ... . 30.00 Beagle Bag 20.00 Advanced Blackjack 37.00 Ringside Seat 30.00 Night Mission Pinball 25.00 Donkey Kong (Atarisoft) 27.00 Mohhy Our Price Disl< Quick 21.50 Dos Boss 16.50 Beagle Basic . . ..... . . ......... 23J5 Beagle G.P.LE 3655 Pronto Dos 20.25 Utility City 20.25 Double Take 23.95 Apple Mechanic 20.25 Typefaces 14.50 Alpha Plot 27.25 Zoom Graphics 35.95 Bag of Tricks 29.95 Applesoft Compiler (TASC) 124.95 Compiler Plus 71.95 Merlin Assembler 46.95 Merlin Combo Pack 80.45 Orca/M 71.95 Lisa 2.6 56.95 The Visible Computer: 6502 ...... 34.95 The Graphics Mafician 40.95 The Graphics Department 88.95 S^0umr0 OitrPriK E.D.D. (Best Nibble Copier!) . ; . . . 68.00 CIA Files (Best Disk Utilities!) .... 55.00 Nibbles Away II 54.00 Copy II Plus 28.00 Locksmith 5.0 73.00 Back-lt-Uplll 56.00 Wildcards.. Call Replay II (11+ or //e) Call TrakStar 95.00 PROGRAMS Pffis 4^ Honeyspot Road • Stratford, Connecticut 06497 €k»rpormi0 and School Purchase Orders A^^imd Mon.-Fri. d-6; Sat. 10-6 ORDERS ONLY — TOLL FREE 1-800-832-3201 Inquiries & Conn, residents cail (Z03| 378-3662 or 378-8293 30% to 50% off Ktail APPLE //e COMPUTER CaU FRANKLIN COMPUTER CaU Business our Price DB Master Version Four 230.00 DB Master Utility Pak#1 86.00 DB Master Utility Pak #2 86.00 DBase II , ..415.00 DataPerfect ... ........... 99.00 The General Manager II 150.00 The List Handler.. 39.00 Data Fax 80 Column 1 79.00 Datalink • 70.00 Data Factory 5.0 2V6.00 WordJuggler//e..... 185.00 Lexicheck 105.00 Pie Writer V 2.2 105.00 Screenwriter II 82.00 Supertext Professional 70.00 Format II Enhanced 105.00 Letter Perfect 112.00 Word Handler II 42.00 Magic Window II 95.00 Our Price Home Accountant 48.00 ASCII: Express Professional 85.00 Data Capture //e 67.00 Bank Stre^ Writer mm Homeword 37i)0 SAT English! Z\m Typing Tutor II..... IBiX) Our Price PFS: Write //e 82.00 PFS: File 82.00 PFS: Report 82.00 PFS: Graph 82.00 The Incredible Jack 115.00 Magic Calc 95.00 Multiplan 175.00 The Dictionary 65.00 The Sensible Speller 82.00 Dow Jones Market Analyzer 275.00 Real Estate Analyzer II 120.00 F.aM. 65.00 WordStar 249.00 Infostar 249.00 Reportstar ..221.00 Bookends 79.00 Apple Writer //e... 165J10 TKSolver Z10D0 BPI General Accounting 275.00 Our Price Master Type ' 27,00 Know Your Apple //e 18.00 Dollars and Sense 72,00 The Personal AccountaOt . . ; .... 95.00 Time Is Money 65.00 Money Street 72.00 Micro Cookbook II or //e 27.50 Hardware OKIDATA Microline82AFT 439.00 Microline83AFT 689.00 Microline92 499.00 Microline93 799.00 BROTHER HR-1.... Call .mm NEC 8023A w/Graphics Par. . . . STAR MICRONICS Gemini 10X 310.00 Gemini 15X 455.00 Delta 10 520.00 SMITH CORONA TP-1 , ..... 499.00 EPSON FX-80 .....550.00 FX-IOO......... 699.00 PROWRITERfC. Itoh) 8510AP Parallel ... 1550AP Parallel ... 399.00 679.00 MONITORS Amdek Color I Plus. . . . . . ... .... 310.00 Amdek Color II Plus 440.00 Amdek Color III 365,00 DVM II RGB Interface 139.00 DVM80e RGB Interface 149.00 Amdek 300G Green 149.00 Amdek 300A Amber 165.00 Taxan 210 Color 239.00 Taxan RGB Vision 3 .....500.00 Taxan RGB-2 Interface .... 140.00 NEC12 in. Color 325.00 US! 12 in. Amber. ..159.00 US1 12 in. Green 147.00 OtSK DRIVES Micro SCIA2 250.00 Micro SCI A2 w/Controller 325.00 Rana Elite 1 add on 275.00 Rana Elite 1 w/Controller 360.00 Apple Disk II Drive 345.MI For fast delivery send cashier's check, certified check or money order. Perronal and coni]Muiy checks allow 3 weeks to clear. Shipping - Software ($2.$0 min.) CO.D. add an additional $1,75. Shipping Hardware (please call). Alaska, Hawaii, Canada, PO, APO and FPO $5 .00 min. Foreign oiders - $ 1 5.00 min. and 15% of all orders mer $ 100. Mastercard & Visa (include card * and eiqpiration date). Connecticut residents add 7.5% sales tax. We ship same day for most orders. Prices subject to change wltfioat ooAice. AU returms must have a return authorization number. CaU 103-378^662 to obtain one before returning goods for replacement. Educaiianai Software our Price Snooper Troops 1 or 2 31 .00 Kids on Keys 20.00 In Search of 27.00 Hey Diddle Diddle 20.00 Facemaker 23.00 Delta Drawing 41.00 Rhymes and Riddles 20,00 Alphabet Zoo 20.00 Story Machine 24.00 Kindercomp 20.00 StickybearABC 29.00 Stickybear Numbers 29J)0 StickybearOpposites , 29.00 Stickybear Shapes 29.00 Rocky's Boots 37.00 Gertrude's Secrets 33.00 Gertrude's Puzzles 33J0O Bumble Plot 29.00 Bumble Games 29.00 Juggle's Rainbow 22.00 Plato Whole Numbers 39.00 Plato Decimals 39.00 Plato Fractions 39.00 Word Attack! /Davidson 37.00 Math Blaster/Davidson 37.00 Speedreader ll/Davidson 52.00 Alien Counter & Face Flash 24.00 Gulp & Arrow Graphics 24.00 Frenzy & Flip Flop 24.00 Compu-Read 20.00 Compu-Math 34.00 Spelling Bee w/ReadIng Primer . . 27.00 Algebra 1,2. 3. or 4 27iJ0 SAT Word Attack Skills ......... 34il0 PSAT Word Attack Skills 34.00 Decimals 34.00 Fractions 34.00 Hands-On Basic Programming . . . 59.00 Spelling Bee Games 22.00 Counting Bee 20.00 Moptown Hotel 29.00 Moptown Parade 29.00 Magic Spells 26.00 Harcourt Brace Computer SAT . . . 49.00 New Step by Step/ PDI 59.00 Story Builder & Word Mstr/PDI 17.00 Einstein Memory Trainer 64.00 French Hangman/ George Earl . . . 22.00 Latin Hangman/George Earl 22.00 Spanish Hangman/George Earl .. 22.00 Early Games (All programs) ..... 2QJJ0 Math Maze 2l00 Apple Logo : 165.00 Terrapin Logo 105.00 Songwriter 29.00 Picture Writer t%m Accessaries mfrm System Saver 69.00 Cool + Time 75.00 Hayes Micromodem Smartcom I . 245.00 Microsoft Z-80 Softcard 238.00 Microsoft 16KRamcard Wm Saturn 128K Ramcard 375.00 Ultraterm 295.00 Videoterm w/Soft Switch & Inv. . . 238.00 Accelerator II 475.00 CorvisHard Disks Call Mockingboard Call TG Paddles 29.00 TG Joystick 41,00 TG Select-A-Port 41.00 Kraft Joystick 44.00 GrapplerPlus 125.00 Buffered Grappler Plus 180.00 Chalkboard Power Pad 80.00 Chalkboard Starter Kit 36.00 Koala Pad 89.00 EPS Keyboard 279,00 ElephafTtlrunk ............ . . . . 20J0 Perfect Data Cleaning Kit 11.00 Novation Apple Cat IT 259.00 Btank Media Our Price Elephant SS/SD (10) 20.00 Verbatim SS/DD (10) 27.00 Maxell SS/OD (10) 27.00 BASF SS/DD (10) 24.00 Memorex SS/DD (10) 25.00 Foriiemsnoitis§edJusicatLIfufedon^haveii,wecangeiii» Clrele 521 on Reader Service card. Visii Our Sbowromn: Exii 31 €01-95 May 1984 ^ider 103 The Applesoft Adviser 5 REH FULLY IMPLEMENTED SORT INDEX 10 DIM N(IOO) , A*(100> IS GOSUB 2200 20 HOME 25 PRINT"ENTER SELECTIONj " 30 PRINT TABC7)"A. ADD NEW ITEM." 35 PRINT TAB(7>"D. DELETE AN ITEM." 40 PRINT TAB(7>"S. SEARCH FOR AN ITEM." 45 PRINT TAB<7)"V. VIEW ARRAY AND INDEX." SO PRINT TAB<7)"E. END THE PROQRAM. " 5S PRINT I INPUT" CHO ICE, .,"iC* 60 IF C*-"A" THEN GOSUB 100 65 IF C*-"D" THEN GOSUB 300 70 IF C*-"S" THEN GOSUB 600 75 IF C*="V" THEN GOSUB 800 80 IF C*="E" THEN END 85 GOTO 20 99 REM NEW ITEM ENTRY ROUTINE 100 HOME 105 IF N<0)«99 THEN PR I NT "ARRAY IB FULL." J GOSUB 1 000 i RETURN 110 INPUT»ENTER NEW ITEM. . . "j DD* 115 IF N<0)«0 THEN MA^liGOTO 125 120 SF»Os GOSUB 2500 125 GOSUB 2100 . 130 A*(RN)-DD* 135 RETURN 299 REM ITEM DELETION ROUTINE 300 HOME 305 INPUT"ENTER ITEM TO DELETE. s DD* 310 SF=1: GOSUB 2500: SF=0 315 IF MA=0 THEN RETURN 320 GOSUB 2000 325 PRINT" ITEM "DD*" HAS BEEN DELETED." 330 GOSUB 1000 335 RETURN 599 REM SEARCH ROUTINE TO FIND SPECIFIED RECORD 600 HOME 605 INPUT "ENTER ITEM FOR SE ARCH . . . '* f DD* 610 SF=1:80SUB 2500: SF«0 615 IF MA=0 THEN RETURN 620 PRINT "ITEM "D*" IS RECORD # "N(MA) 625 PRINT" AND ITEM # "MA" IN THE SORTED LIST. " 630 GOSUB 1000 635 RETURN 799 REM ROUTINE TO DISPLAY RECORD ARRAY, SORT ARRAY, Ic SORTED LIST 800 HOME 805 FOR I-l TO N(0) 810 PRINT A*(I), N(I> ,A*(N(I) > 815 NEXT I 820 PRINT ,N(N(0)+1)" < NEXT AVAILABLE RECORD" 825 FOR I=N(0)+2 TO N<0>+5 830 PRINT A*a), N(I) ,A*(N(I J ) 835 NEXT I 840 INPUT "PRESS RETURN TO CONTINUE. Xf 843 RETURN 999 REM PAUSE ROUTINE 1000 FOR 1-1 TO 1000 I NEXT I » RETURN 1999 REM DELETE ITEM FROM SORT INDEX 2000 T=NtMA> 2005 FOR I=MA TO N(0)-1 ■ 2010 N<I) = Nd + i) 2015 NEXT I 2020 N < N < ) ) = T 2025 N<0> = N(0> - 1 2030 RETURN 2099 REM ADD ITEM INTO SORT INDEX 2100 RN = N(N(0)+1) 2105 IF N(0)=0 THEN 2125 2110 FOR I=N(0) TO MA STEP -1 2115 NCI+1)=N<I) 2120 NEXT I 2125 NCMA> = RN 2130 N(0)=N(0)-*-l 2135 RETURN 2199 REM INITIALIZE SORT INDEX VALUES 2200 FOR I«0 TO 100 2205 N(I>«I 2210 NEXT I 2215 RETURN 2499 REM BINARY SEARCH ROUTINE 2500 MN=1: MX=N(0) 2505 IF (MX-MN)>1 THEN 2550 2510 MM=MN 2515 GOSUB 2590 2520 IF D*>=DD* THEN 2570 2525 MN-MN+1; MM«MN 2530 IF MN>N<0) THEN 2570 2535 GOTO 2510 2550 MM*=MN + INT ( <MX-MN) /2 + .1) 2555 GOSUB 2S90 2560 IF D*>DD* THEN MX-MNs GOTO 2505 2565 IF D*<DD* THEN MN=MM: GOTO 2505 2570 MA=MM 2575 IF D*=DD* THEN 2585 2580 IF SF=1 THEN PRINT "Sorry, no match found. 2585 RETURN 2590 RN«N(MM) 2595 D$-A«(RN)i RETURN MA-Oi GOSUB 1000 LisUng 3,Fu[ly implemented sort index, containing rmMtm U> add new rmnds, ddete old records, and search file for gitTen records. also be stored on disk. It should be loaded into RAM at the banning of the program so that it is always available for any functions relating to the disk file. Be sure that you also save the sort index back onto disk before ending the program. In fact, I have found several situations in which I had to save the updated index onto disk af- ter each revision during the opera- tion of the program. This came up in operating environments where pow- er fluctuations made it impossible to run the system all day without prob- lems. By saving the sort index to disk after each update, I was assured that, should the system go down, all I needed to do was restart the system "Of course, any given file can have several sort index arrays attached to it, with each mdex mamtaining a sort on a different field within the record'' and all flies and sort indes arrays would be up-to-date. Conclusion Of coumB^ any given file can have several sort ind^ arrays attached to it, with each index maintaining a sort on a different field within the record. Common business applica- tions wiU have a sort index on client names and a second on account numbers. Large mailing lists may also have a sort index on zip codes, enabling the shipping departmmt to do a pre-sort on bulk mailings. Whatever your applications, you will probably find yourself at some time needing to keep a sort index on a favorite data file. The techniques described in this article wiU prove to be helpful in accomplishing that 104 &ider May 1984 i Circte 370 on Reader Service card. Amazing SuperSprite now has software galore! Eight exciting new software programs for StJperSprite! Colorful and animated graphics. Dramatic sound effects. Actual speech. The peripheral card that revolutionized Apple^graphics now has software for learning, for playing, for fun with programming. "One of this year's most impor- tant products for the Apple!' Creative Computing February, 1984 "This peripheral has completely changed the Apple. . .to an in- credible machine wrth unlimited graphics (and sound) potential!' InCider September, 1983 MusicSprites. Lively sprites add to the fun for visually creating colorful music. SpriteArt. Paintbrushes and a palette of colors to create sprites and scenery and animate the whole picture! Each program 539.95. Software requires 48k Apple (I series and SuperSprite. NumberSprites, AlphaSprites and Assembly Line Madness are registered trademarks of Avante-Garde Creations, inc. SuperSprite, LOGOSprtte, KOBOR, SpriteArt, MusicSprites, BaseballSprites are registered trademarks of Synetix, Inc. Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computers, Inc. BaseballSprites. Hear the roar of the crowd. The call of the umpire. Play baseball inside famous stadiums for real life thrills. Sjnietix Inc. 10635 N.E. 38th Place Ktrkland; WA 98033 800-426-7413 In Canada: Exclusively by Chevco Computing, Mississauga. Ontario f4WJ82f-7600 Bent on Business by Gregory R. Glatt For some time now there's been a lot of interest in the Lisa ap- proach to computing, called inte- grated software. You enter your in- formation only once, yet you can access and use the same data with software other than the program that created your files. Packages like Lotus 1-2-3 will soon be available for the Macintosh, but what about those of us who have an Apple II, II Plus or He? I recently read a book which said that I already own something close to an integrated system (and you probably do, too), and while it can't do everything, it's near enough to the integrated approach to make it well worth while to learn how to operate it. In many cases it lets me talk to myself by allowing me to transfer information from one pro- gram to another. The process is called the Data In- terchange Format (DIF), and it's in the back of your VisiCalc manual (and many others) — you know, the part you skimmed through long ago, when you first read it. The whole idea is to save your information in a manner that allows other programs to read and use the data. In most om&Sj it's surprisingly automatic and well documented — the software oftjen takes you sfcep-by-sbep throu^ the process. Why Bother? One of the reasons that I never paid too much attention to the DIF file is that I couldn't find any use for it. Why go to the trouble of saving information from VisiCalc work- Talking to Yourself sheets in a format other than the standard one that VisiCalc under- stands? My first experience with the concept came when I bought Visi- Trend/Plot, an excellent graphics package. I'd saved and worked with all sorts of things inside VisiCalc that I found helpful to graph, but I didn't like the time it took (and errors I created in the data) to print the VisiCalc worksheets and then manu- ally enter the information into Visi- Trend/Plot. The solution, of course, was to save the data in a DIF file, and transfer it to the plotting pro- gram. My purpose here is not to promote VisiCalc but to tell you a bit about and encourage the use of the DIF file as a way to get more mileage from the programs you already have. If you don't use VisiCalc as a spread- sheet, MagiCalc is another spread- sheet with DIF capabilities. Other graphics packages (in addition to VisiPlot) with this ability include PFS: Graph, Apple Business Graph- ics, VersaPlot, and the Prime Plot- ter. A database program called In- formation Master uses a system called Transit to convert VisiCalc files into those Information Master can read. Likewise, Accounting Plus II, an excellent package, uses Data Plus to convert its files into the Data Interchange Format. A terrific ver- sion of this system called Account- ingPlus Super/e is available for the Apple He. DB Master, a powerful database system, has a utility pack- age to let its files "speak DIF." The Executive Secretary, a word process- ing program that does a lot more than what you'd expect an executive secretary to do, uses the format. All the "Visi-" series of programs from VisiCorp can use the DIF file, in- cluding VisiFile (file management), VisiTrend (a statistical adjunct to VisiPlot) and VisiTerm (which lets you share information with other computers). Statistics with DAISY (as you'd expect from the name, a statistical program) works with DIF files. Other programs are available. Since the DIF file is essentially a text file, most word processors (and even Basic programs) can access its information. That data may not be in the final form you want it to have, but your word processing system giv^ you the power to put it into the format you need. If you've created an extensive numerical file with your spreadsheet that you'd like in a report or to put into a quotation for a major project, you don't have to retype all the information. Instead, save that section of your worksheet as a DIF file and load it into your word processing text. The Book The definitive book on this subject is The DIF file, by Donald H. Beil (Reston Publishing, 11480 Sunset Hills Road, Reston, VA 22090). It includes numerous examples of ex- actly how to make the file transfer, using a good number of the pro- grams noted above^ as well as a Basic program listing for making and sav- Address correspondence to Gregory R, Glau, PO Box 1627, PrescoU, AZ 86302. 106 &ider May 1984 ing data into a DIF file, and another listing for reading your information once you save data there. Applications Once you consider what you might do if your Apple II could use fully integrated software, you'll come up with all sorts of things if d be helpful for your busine^ to put into effect. While the DIF file doesn't truly integrate programs (there's some disk swapping in- volved, not every Apple program has the capability^ and not every system that can use the DIF file can talk to every other program), it's the next best thing. You mi^t ^ore, for example, your customer sales and warranty information on disk. Perhaps it would be helpful to examine those records and graph your warranty re- pair costs for each brand of equip- ment you sell. A DIF interface be- tween your file handling and graphics package wiH do this for you. You may want to pull out specific customer names and addresses from your database program and send a sales letter to certain people, A DIF file that lets your word processor work with the files in your database would make it possible. Perhaps you ve been graphing the raw data for your electricity costs, so you have its information stored in your plotting program files. Would it be useful to transfer this data to a spreadsheet system to calculate per- centages and other information, and then send it back to the graphics package to see what the data looks like in another form? The DIF file lets you, and some programs can send infbrmation both ways — from the plotting program to the spread- sheet system to manipulate it, and then back to the graphics system to store. The obvious ben^t here is that you get to use all the power of both programs. For example, your graph- ics system probably doesn't contain all die matiiematical functions that your spreadsheet can handle, so it's worth while to send data from the plotting system to manipulate on a ''The obvious benefit here is that you get to use all the power of botli prt^ams/' worksheet. Your spreadsheet may not provide the statistical capabili- ties that your graphics system has, so if s beneficial to let the latter act on your data to compute things like trend lines. If you keep your customer ac- OQUiits in an accounting package that can use DIF fQes, you can create an interface between it and your word processor to write letters to those peo- ple whose accounts are past due. One of the best uses IVe found for ViMCalc is to create a worksheet that details the costs involved when I bid a job, not just for my own internal use, but also (on a retail basis) to give to a prospect. Instead of trying to explain why an air conditioning system costs $3,250, this breakdown does it for me. My prospect can see that the equipment costs $1,450, freight $45, ductwork material $350, insulation $275, and so on. Like anything else from a sales standpoint, it's helpful when you break things down into smaller quantities (and prices), as then the information is ^sier for peo- ple to rdate to. Instead of concen- trating on the big price, they look at each individual amount. If you use this technique, you may have infbrmation stored in various VisiCalc worksheets that you'd like to get together and combine into one. A problem with VisiCalc in its standard form is that you must load or save an mtire worksheet. The DIF file works in just the opposite manner; you no- tify the system of the specific section of the worksheet that you wish to save, and the DIF file saves just it. While I don't want to ^ve away all the secrets of Don Befl*s book, one of his best ideas is to show how you can save selected parts of your worksheets as DIF files, and then combine them into a design that's in the final form you need. While some other spread- sheets have this capability, the DIF file gives it to that old VisiCalc pro- gram you may not have been getting die full use out of. Limitations This method of transferring data has limitations, as if s primarily de- signed for working with numerical information. For example, in The DIF File, when author Beil sends text from DB Master to the Executive Secretary, he does so by mmg desig- nated numeric fields. While your word processor will function in up- per- and lowercase, most database and spreadsheet programs don't, so if you do transfer text, youTl have to ad- just your word processing program for this limitation. More often than not, you must edit your data either before or after you smd it along to another program. Not all information can be moved from one system to another. For ex- ample, the formulas you create on a VisiCalc worksheet won't transfer; their resulting data will (which is the important thing, after all). All this shouldn't discourage you from trying the Data Interchange Format widi the pro-ams you now own. Experiment a litde with some practice data and see how you do. I think you'll find the concept terrific, the implementation mostly a matter of following directions, and the re- sults more than satisfactory. ■ Circle 103 on Reader Service card. The House-Ware Gente ★ The Mail Genie it The Pantry Genie ★ The Recipe Genie ★ The Calendar Genie at^' * The Insarance Genie At last, the Turn-Key Programs that allow Dad to influence Mom that an Apple'" Computer is a modern day necessity. Introductory Price $29«95 each Developed By SOUTHERN CENTER FOR RESEARCH & INNOVATION P.O. Box 1713 Hattiesburg, MS 39403 TELEPHONE 601-545-1680 TELEX 585400 SCRI US HATI CABLE SCRI US Dealer Inquiries Invited May 1984 &ider 107 The Apple Clinic by Earle Hancock Third- World Computing Sticky Keys The Vacuum Secret I have a comment about the letter in your December column about using an Apple II Plus with 220 volt, 50 hertz current. Your reoommenda- tion that this not be done corresponds to what I have read elsewhere, but not to my ovm experience. There are at least 30 Apple users here in Nairobi with computers rated for 115v, 60hz, and none of us has ever had a prob- lem wliidi could be traced to the cur- rent (240v, SOhz in Kenya). The key seems to be in obtaining a heavy-duty, double wound trans- former with adequate capacity for one's entire system. The light, travel models do not work, but the big ones do. Since the Apple uses DC inter- nally, the difference in cycles is not significant, and none of my other equipment (monitors, Epson printer, floppy drives, RAM disk, various pe- ripheral cards) is bothered. Note, however, that both of my monitors were purchased in the States and are designed to work with a 60 cycle sys- tem. As you note, a European model monitor will not woik with a 60hz American Apple nmnEiig off of a transformer. So my advice to world travellers is to get a good, heavy-duty transform- er and take your Apple system along. (In most of the Third World, a badc- up power supply and a good power filter are a gpod idea, too.) Youll be glad you did, and you may be sur- prised to find other Apple users at the destination. I have a question about an inter- mittent problem with one of my Ap- ple Didc II drives. Power may not be a concern here, but, like the reader who recently wrote to you from Lima, service is. It is expensive and unreliable. Any repairs that I can carry out myself, therefore, are very helpful. Even if I can't fix something myself, it is important to know exact- ly what is wrong when I g^ someone else to try. The problem is that drive 2 occa- sionally gives me I/O errors. This generally happens after tfie drive has been useid heavily, and is preceded by $L clicking noise similar to the one made when the drive calibrates itself to trade 0, but somewhat muffled. The series of elides repeats itself about three times, as if the drive is trying unsuccessfully to find track 0, and then I get an error message. If I leave the drive alone for a day or two, it seems to recover for a while. I have adjusted the speed of die drive carefully, and also adjusted the track stopper as per your sugges- tions in last November's column, but neither step solved the problem. I have even switdied the analog board from the bad drive to gqod one, but the problem stayed in drive 2. I wonder if the problem might have something to do with the disk align- ment. Is there any way the disk can be aligned without going to an Apfie dealer? If it's not the alignment, can you think of any other possible rea- son? P.R. ChristeDsm Kenya Institirte of Educ^tioii Nairobi, Kenya The procedures you followed for narrowing down the reasons for the failure are just what I would recom- mend. The trouble with the number 2 disk drive does indeed sappeax to be the head alignment. There are several adjustments nec- essary to align the read/write head, the track stopper being the easiest one. The other adjustments aiB the azimuth and radial poiitioiiing. The azimuth adjustment ensures that the head is perpendicular to the disk track. The radial adjustment centers the head over the middle of the track. Both the azimuth and radial position- ing require a special disk and an oscilloscope, and the procedures for these adjustments are rather lengthy. I suspect anyone with an oscilloscope and the special disk will have the di- rections. The rest erf us have no need for the directions so I will not indude them here. In addition to the radial and azi- muth positioning, two other impor- tant adjustments requiring a special disk and an oscilloscope might be considered. The first is tihe amplitude adjustment, which makes sure the si^^ is strong enou^ for the drive to operate reliably, llie second is the comparitor offset adjustment which ensures that a 1 stored on the disk is read as a 1 and a as a 0. These two adjustments are made on the analog card. Since you switched analog cards and experienced no improve- ment, it is highly unlikdy that the amplitude or comparitor offeet ad- justments will solve your probl^. The question now is what to do to correct the problm. Your best bet is Earie Hancock directs the microcomputing project at Minuteman Regional Vocational School, Lexington, MA. He has served as an ad- visor to the Massachusetts Association of Voca- tional Administrators, and belongs to a number of computer organizations. Write to him c/o inCSder, Pine St, Peterborougfi, NH 03458. 108 6ider May 1084 to take the drive to an Apple dealer. At the dealership, one of two solu- tions can be applied. If the dealer has the equipment to do the alignments described above, the procedure should take less than one hour. If your dealer does not have the equipment, he can substitute a new disk mechanical as- sembly for your defecMve one. The cost should be under $130.00— not too bad when you consider that everything except the case, cable and analog card are replaced. Some of the keys on my Apple lie keyboard have been stiddng lately, as though binding. I hate to said my machine off to a repair center (my dealer says he cannot do anything). Can the key posts be lubricated with WD-40 or a silicone type of spray, perhaps applied with a cotton swab? I dmi't wMi to do any damage or cause shorts m the keyboard. L. Danielson Fort Worth, TX Some early Apple He keyboards had a tendency toward sticky keys. My guess is you don't have one of those keyboards since the problem tended to show up soon after the key- board was put into use. If you care- fully remove the keycap with a chip puller or other device and sparingly apply a silicone lubricant on the post, you may solve the problem. Stubborn keys can in most cases be replaced. Your Apple dealer should be willing to sell the keyswitches to you for two or three dollars apiece. There are several diiierent styles of key switches. Be mie the ones you buy fit your k^board and your key- caps. To replace key switches you vdll need to remove the csase from the Ap- ple by removing the screws arotmd the edge of the bottom. There are nine Phillips-type screws to remove from the lie, three on each side of the bottom and three along the front just under the lip. Once the screws are re- moved, turn the computer right side up and gendy lift the cover up and off (much easier than on the II Plus). Four screws, two on each side, hold the keyboard in place. Remove them and carefully pry off the ki^board from the computer. Id^ttfy the problan k^?switch and its connections on both sides of the board. Remove the solder from the connections and remove the screw if present. Replace the key- switch and solder into place. Reas- semble the computer in reverae order from the directions above. Soldering and de-soldering require practice and a steady hand. Never let the sold^ng iron he in contact with the circuit board for more than three seconds or you may lift a trace and ruin the board. If you don't have some practice with these skills let someone who has proven soldering skills help you. Regular readers of this column may recognize this warning, but I feel it bears repeating. Of course, you could replace the whole keyboard, dq^ending on how many keys are affected. I had a problem with my Apple II Plus that I would like to share with you. After a year of no failures the machine suddenly started to act up on a few DOS commands. I could SAVE and load with no problems, but BSAVE and DELETE wotdd eiflier cause the disk drive to start talking in a strange tongue or just plain quit witii "ERROR" printed out last on the smen. After this happened no commands would come bade with monitor error dumps of the register. If the BSAVE command used hex numbers the drive would never stop running. All my didcs had the same results. There was nothing wrong with the disk drive nor its card and contacts. Both worked well on anoth- er madune and other drives had the same fits on mine. Afta* calming down a £ew days lat- er, I decided that either a ROM or RAM chip was bad or somediing physical was going on in the main board to cause a bad or short connec- tion. I was hoping for the latter ^ce the problem showed up after moving the machine from one end of the house to the other. So I opened up the unit and took a close look. I saw noth- ing unusual. I tried gently pushing each chip into its socket. No result. I put a fresh bag into the jet engine vacuum and put tfte hose on the dis- charge end, I figured that if I could not see anything on the board's up side then maybe something was on the other side. I blew air all around in- side the tmit and fired iq> the Apple. The problem was gone and has not showed up again. There was always a cover over the entire system when not being used. I did notice dial the metal grounding cloth on the cover keyboard end is not there as I had seen on other Apple II Pluses. Well, I guess I was very lucky. I have a question about the main board. It seems so flexible being sup- ported only from a few points. Is there a special way of replacing chips so that the board is not stressed? At Sc id el Olivette, MD I almost didn't include this letter in the Apple Clinic. One must be care- ful not to divulge too many technical secrets in this business. I'd been sav- ing the vacuum deaner procedure for my retirement. Oh well . . . Your concern over the stressing of the mother board while seating and unseating IC's is well founded. The best way to avoid the problem is to remove the board and place it on a surface covered by a Va-inch foam pad. In many cases removing the board just to replace one IC is not practical. To avoid bending the board I insert an IC part way, then rock it back and forth (along the long axis, not side-to-side) until it's seated. In this manner much less pressure is required to seat the IC correcdy. I have a problem with my Epson printer. Ifs an MX-80 and it works perfectly exc^ for printing the low- ercase letters that end very low, such as the g, y, p and q. The bottom of each of these letters is not print- ed. This problem didn't show up tm- til I had to replace the ribbon. May 1984 &ider 109 Now, both the new and the old rib- bon produce the same results. Do you have any suggestions? A. Notowitz San Carlos, CA Dot matrix printers form char- acters using "wires" positioned one above the other in the print head (Figure 1). Electromagnets drive the wires against the ribbon, which transfers some of its ink to the paper. To print the capital letter "I" (Figure 2), wires 1 and 7 are fired. ■PRINTHEAD (FRONT VIEW) ■WIRE HEAD MOVEMENT Fig^re 1 , Diagram of the dot matrix printer printhead. Next the print head shifts to the right one position and wires 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 all fire at the same time, form- ing the center of the letter. Once more the print head moves to the right and wires 1 and 7 fire again, finishing the l^ter. In bi-directional printing the procedure is the same, only the order is reversed when print- ing on the reverse stroke. The Epson MX-80 print head has nine wires but forms letters from a matriic seven dots high and five dots wide. The bottom two wires are used for descenders on lowercase letters. Your sample print-out shows the letter j printing as it should, but the g smd y were a Utde weak at the bottom. TTie j, g and y all use the bottom two wires to form the de- scending part of the letter (Figure FiffsnS, The pHr^headiiaes^ lower sei^ wires to prkit lowercase 3 — note that some letters are com- pressed horizontally for visual effect). On your sample the letters on the Irft side of the page are not properly formed. On the right side of the page^ however, the letters using the same wires are fully formed. If you are sure that the ribbon cartridge is properly in place and snapped ddwn into the holder (refer to the printer manual for spedfic instructions), then I can only conclude that the problem re- sides elsewhere (preferably in anoth- er printer, right?). The most likely cause is an improp- erly set paper thickness control. The Epson MX-80 can print on multiple copy paper as well as ordinary print- er paper. The paper thickness control allows the print head distance from the platen to be changed to accomo- date the various papers. If you're using regular printer pa- per set the thickness control to the middle position. Initiate the printer self-test by holding the line feed (LF) button down while you turn the power on. Open the top lid and ad- just tte thickness control while you watch the letters being printed. At one of the seven positions the de- scenders should be fully formed. If the wires of the print head are too dose to the paper the dectromapiet will not have enough room to develop the full impact. Conversely, if the print head is too far from tiie paper the force of the strike will be spent be- fore the wire readies the ribbon. The other possibility is that the plat^ and print head guides are out of alignment. I doubt if changing a ribbon could cause that. If you sus- pect an alignment problem, see your Epson dealer. A final note. A im^^iuidard rib- bon could cause some problems. Some of the less expensive ribbon re- placements I have seen are poorly made. They often catch the print wires and jam them, causing the dec- tromagnets to bum dut. As al- ways — caveat emptor. -FIRST POSITION SECOND POSITION THIRD POSITION WIRE #1 • #2 - #3- #4- #5 - #6 - #7- #8 - #9 - Figure 2. The prinihead set to print a capi- tal L Note that it uses only the upper seven wires. Your Letters Count! Your letters are the source of inter- esting problems. This column de- pends on those problems for its ener- gy. Keep em coming! ■ 110 6ider May 1984 EASTCOAST SOFTWARE €CSm . . if^ation-ftghting prices. No hidden charges! No credit card fees! APPLE CAT# LIST SALE 1700 Accounting + Gen Ledger HE $450.00 $310.95 0080 Adam & Eve Paddles 39.95 27.50 0560 Algebra 1 39.95 27.60 0723 Algebra V & VI (2-Disk) 49.95 34.50 1142 Alien Addition (Home) 34.00 26.75 0013 AlphaPlot 39.50 27.25 2598 Alphabet Zoo 29.95 20.70 0434 Apple Cat 2 Modem 389.00 278.10 0151 Apple Mechanic 29.50 20.35 0309 Applewriter 2 Pre-Boot 19.00 13.15 0090 Appli-Card (6 MHZ) 375.00 281.30 0536 Assembly Lines (Book) 19.95 15.35 2905 AxisAssasin 35,00 26.95 0042 BagofTricks ■. 39.95 27.65 0501 Bank Street Writer 69.95 48.35 0277 Battle For Normandy 39.95 27,65 0278 Beagle Bag 29.50 20.35 0126 Beagle Basic 34.95 24.20 0658 Beneath Apple DOS 19.95 13.85 0111 Book of Apple Software *84 19.95 12.80 0096 Bookends 125.00 86.40 1676 BP! Genera! Accounting 395.00 273.45 2599 Broadsides 39.95 27.70 0545 Bufferboard Grappler 175,00 132.55 1682 Buffered Grappler + (16K) 239.00 178.00 0448 Bumble Games 39.95 27.65 2805 Business Accountant 2/2E 255.00 196.15 0228 Castle Wolfenstein 29.95 20.70 0734 CDEX How to Use Apple HE . . . .59.95 41.50 0733 CDEX Visicalc Training 59.95 41.50 0656 Chart-Macintosh 125.00 86.55 0386 Chess 69.95 48.35 2612 Chivalry 49.95 34.60 0740 Compu-Math/Arith. Skills 49.95 34.50 0654 Compu-Read 29.95 20.70 0743 Compu-Spell System 29.95 20.70 0416 Compuserve Starter Kit 39.95 24.35 1 138 Computer Sat (Harcourt) 79.95 62.85 1731 Copy 2 Plus 39.95 25.65 1295 Creature Creator 39.95 27.65 2862 Cubit 39.95 27.65 2910 Cut & Paste 50.00 38.50 0777 Data Capture HE 90.00 62,35 0059 David's Mignight Magic 34.95 24.00 1265 DB Master Version 4 350.00 242.35 0052 Deadline - 49.95 34.50 0189 Decathalon 29.95 20.70 0630 Delta Drawing 49.95 34.60 1143 Demolition Division (Home) 34.00 26.75 2951 Dig Dug 34.95 26.15 1722 Disk Boxes (5 Color Coded) 25.00 12 .50 2866 Disk Drive Ext Cable 19.75 16.70 2833 Disk Quik 29.50 20,45 1444 Diversi-DOS 30.00 5.00 0409 Dollars & Sense 100.00 69.25 2939 Donkey Kong 34.95 26.15 0216 DOS Boss 24.00 16.60 0983 Double Take 34.95 24.15 0^4 Dow Jones Market Analyzer... .350.00 293.75 2877 Drol 34.95 24.20 2600 Eagles 39.95 27.70 0360 Early Games Young Children 29.95 20,75 0213 Easy Writer (Pro) 175,00 121,00 1384 Echo 2 Speech Synthesizer 149,95 125.60 0811 Einstein Compiler 129.00 89.30 0661 Elementary Apple 14.95 10.35 0092 Elephant Disks SS/DD {10) 37.00 24.35 1337 Elephant Disks SS/SD (10) 34.00 21.15 0729 Enhancer n/Funclion Strip 215.00 161.30 0107 Epson MX-80 Ribbon 2-Pac ..... 28.00 12.55 0029 Essential Data Duplicator 79.95 52.00 0039 Executive Secretary 250.00 173.10 EASTCOAST SOFTWARE 40 HodienvUle Rd. Hershey, PA 17033 MAIL YOUR ORDER OR CALL (717) 533-8125 800-233-3237 We Ship UPS-Shipping 1% ($2.&0 min.) Cp.D. AM An Ad^tional $2 JO Hardware (Printers/Monitors) Shipping is $2.50 + 4% (U.P.S.) For Air Mail, Canadian, APO/FPO Orders, Shipping $2.50 +4% of Total Order (US Funds) PA Residents Add 6% Tax No Minimum Order Vlsa-Mastercard-C.O. D. -Check Prices Subject To Change Sorry, No Fordan Orders This Ad Pr8{»ar0d February, 1984 CAT* LIST SALE 0314 E2 Port 11 $34.95 24.20 0280 Facemaker 34,95 24.20 0553 Flex Text 29.50 20.35 2821 Flight Simulator II 49.95 38.05 2918 Flip & File W/Lock (50) 39.95 23.85 1440 Flip-N-File (50 Disks) 29.95 18.85 2796 Fontrix 75.00 64.10 1427 Format U Enhanced 150.00 108.50 0554 Frame-tJp ......... ...v. ...29.50 K).35 1127 Game Show 39.95 31.40 0046 General Manager II 229.95 158.90 0533 Geopolitique 1990 39.95 27.65 0573 Gertrude's Puzzles 44.95 31.15 2843 Global PLE/Bcagle Bros 49.95 34.60 0043 Graphics Magidan 59.95 41.40 0094 Grappler + 165.00 128.00 2902 HardhatMac 35.00 26.95 2880 Hayes Joystick Mach m 54.95 38.05 2817 Hayes Joystick Mach IJ ....... , .44.95 31. 15 1437 Head Cleaning Kit 29.95 17,30 0197 Home Accountant 74.95 48,05 2804 Home Word 69.95 46,60 1684 How To Pgrm In Applesoft 49.95 34,60" 1589 In Search Of Amazing Thing 39.95 27 ,60 2853 Incredible Jack 179,00 137,70 0449 Juggles Rainbow 29.95 20,75 1442 Kindercomp 29.95 20,70 0003 Knight Of Diamonds 34.95 24.20 1693 Koala Graph Tablet-Apple 124.95 91.05 0454 Kraft Joystick 64.95 45.00 0632 Kraft Paddles 49.95 34.60 2972 Labels-1" White (1000) 9.95 6.75 2890 Learning Bridge Made Easy 79.95 55.35 1463 Legacy of Llylgamyn 39.95 27.65 0050 Letter Perfect 149.95 103.60 0403 Lisa 2.6 79.95 61.75 0310 List Handler . 49.95 34.60 0982 Lode Runner 34.95 24.15 0194 Magic Window 2 150.00 103.85 0192 Master Type 39.95 27.65 0089 Maxell MDl Disks-SS/DD (10} ..51.90 28.75 2901 Memorymaster 2E/64K Exp ... 169.00 140.85 2147 Micro Cook-Appetizers-2E 12.00 8.50 2146 Micro Cook^Soups/Salads-2E . , ,12.00 8.50 0437 Micro Cookbook 40.00 27.65 2148 Micro Cookbook HE 40.00 27.65 0692 Microline 92-P Printer 599.00 493.75 1509 MiCToIine Ribbon 3.20 2.20 2958 Microline Tractor Feed 65.00 57 . 70 2802 Micromodem HE W/Smartcom 1 329.00 227,75 0627 Microsoft Basic-Mac 150.00 103,85 1347 Millionaire 59,95 41.50 1135 Minus Mission (Home) 34.00 26.75 1124 Mockingboard 129.00 105.50 1400 Moptown Hotel 39.95 27.65 0580 Muitiplan (Apple DOS) 250.00 173.10 0655 MuIUplan-Mac 195.00 135.00 2903 Music Const. Set 40.00 30.75 0101 NEC1215 Color Monitor 399.00 333.35 0240 NEC 8023 Printer 499.00 432.90 0273 NEC 8023 Ribbon 2-Pac 19.95 17.10 0423 Nibble's Away II 69.95 53.25 0179 Old Ironsides 39.95 27.65 2908 One On One 40.00 30 75 1328 Orange (AC Surge Protect) .... 139.95 96 90 1531 Orca/M 149.95 103.80 2941 Pac-Man 34.95 26.15 2893 ParaT Printer Ext. Cable 6* 34.95 21.80 0635 PaiaDellnteiteW/Cable 139.50 62.85 0616 Personal Touch 89.00 70.55 1413 PFSFilellE 125.00 85.95 1415 PFS Graph HE 125,00 85,95 1414 PFS Report HE 125,00 85.95 0372 PFS Solutions/Ledger 2E 20.00 13.85 2809 PFS Write HE 140.00 96.95 0650 PI-3 12 in Amber Monitor 249.00 162.00 0495 Pie Writer 2.2 (40/80) 149.95 103.85 2907 PinbaU Const. Set (E.A.) 40.00 30,75 1292 Pkaso-Unlversallntrface 175.00 132.60 0659 Power of Visicalc 14.95 10,35 0584 Preschool IQ Builder 1 23.95 16.60 0461 Pronto DOS 29,95 20,35 1279 Prowriter Nylon Ribbon 13,50 4,50 1446 Q-Disk Emulator 529,00 363.10 0047 Quest 19,95 13.85 2111 Ramcard 16K (MPC) 99,00 60.25 0634 Ramcard 16K Microtek 129.00 71.55 0955 Ramcard 16K Prometheus ..... .99.00 56.55 1^ Ramcard 16K^AM1.. 95.00 62.85 0140 Ramcard 16K-Microsoft 99.95 75.00 800-233-3237 In PA 717-533-8125 fj-sa MICRO-SCI SPECIAL A2 Disk Drive $237.80 CAT* LIST SALE 1450 Rhymes & Riddles $29,95 $20.70 0574 Rocky's Boots 49.95 34.60 0195 Sanyo 5500 Printer 995.00 728.90 0561 Sat Word Attack Skills 49.00 33.90 1303 Saturn 128K RAM Board 499.00 374.30 0133 Screenwriter II 129.95 89,00 0041 Sensible Speller IV 125,00 86,50 0400 Silicon Salad ..24.95 17.25 1416 Smith Corona TP 1 Ribbon 7.95 6.35 0465 Snooper Troops 1 44.95 31.15 0138 Softcard 345.00 253.00 0271 Software Automouth 124.95 86.35 0250 Spellagraph 39.95 27.65 1291 Spellicopter 39.95 27.65 0631 Spelling Bee Games 39.95 27.70 0274 Spy's Demise 19.95 13.80 2030 SSMTransendl 89.00 67.85 2906 Standing Stones 40.00 30.75 1277 Starwriter Film Ribbon 5.50 4.50 0435 Step-By-Step 89.95 62,30 1447 Step-By^Step H 89.95 62.30 0100 Sticky Bear A B C 39,95 27.65 0099 Sticky Bear Numbers 39,95 27.65 0292 Story Machine 34,95 24.20 1374 Sup'rMod-UnivKsal 69.95 53.05 1445 Supertext Pro (40/80) 175,00 121.15 0001 System Saver 89 ,95 69.20 1259 Taxan 12 in Amber Monitor 189,00 138,65 1258 Taxan 12 in Green Monitor 179,00 131.60 1528 Taxan Color Mntr W/ Audio 399.00 305,50 0236 Terrapin Logo 149,95 103,85 0137 TGGamePaddlcs 39.95 27.65 0136 TG Joystick W/Toggle 59.95 41,50 1330 TG Joystick W/TogglellE 64 95 45 00 1730 The Accountant 129 00 99,25 2597 The Accountant— VCalcIntfc 20,00 15.40 0462 Tip Disk #1 20,00 13,85 1281 Trunk Floppy Storage ...29,95 21.50 0544 Typefaces 20.00 13.85 0155 Typing Tutor 2 24.95 17,30 2836 Ultima 3 (Exodus) 54.95 38,05 0559 Ultraterm 379.00 284.30 0072 Ulysses & Golden Fleece .34.95 24.00 0062 Utility City 29.50 20.35 2992 Verbatim DS/DD (10) 46.50 37.20 1721 Verbatim SS/DD Hardpack 35.00 27,60 0093 Verbatim SS/DD Softpack 34,00 26.95 0063 Versaform 389.00 263.00 0361 Versaform Inv. Template 49.95 34.60 0648 Videoterm W/SS & Inverse 319.00 247.05 2900 Viewmaster 80 Column . . . 169.00 140.80 2152 Visible Computer-6502 4t.95 46.90 0150 Visicalc (Special) 250.00 172.00 1422 Visicalc HE (Special) 250.00 172.00 0422 Visicalc Pre-Boot 49.00 33.95 0077 Visitrend/Visiplot 300.00 225.00 1480 Wico Analog Joystick 49.95 38.40 0697 Wildcard 109.95 83.70 2936 Wildcard 2 139.95 107.10 2937 Wildcard Plus 169.95 130.50 0145 Wizard & Princess ........... *32.95 22.75 0144 Wizardry ... .4^.95 34.60 0984 Wizplus 39.95 27.60 1532 Wizprint 24.95 17.30 0284 Word Handlers Pkg 129.95 90.00 0342 Word Juggler HE W/Lcxicheck .189.00 157.50 0249 Z-80 Plus Board 139.00 124.75 0521 Zaxxon ...39.95 27.60 0296 Zorkl 39.95 27.60 0141 Zork 11 .39.95 27.60 0379 Zork III , , ............ . 39.95 27.60 Many More TtUm AmMM Applet is a registered IrcideinorJt qf APPLE COMPUTER INC. CHECK ONE; □ VISA □ MASTERCARD Card*_ - Exp. , Telephone . Address. Ctty State. .ap_ VieasB enter my order frar^. Please specify machine:. □ Pt&jx send free catalog. Circle 362 on Reader Service card. May 1984 &ider 111 Hints 'n' Techniques Out, Damned Cursor! by Abram M. Plum I was becoming more and more ir- ritated ttie persistmt blinkfng of the cursor while my computer waited for my nesct response. I solved this problem on the hi-res portions of my program by using the four-line tjesEt window at the bottom of the OTeen. A simple VTABl preceding a GET statement was sufficient to hide the cursor behind the graphics screen. Some portions of my pro- gram, however, needed to use the full screen for text. Since I didn't want to translate my entire program into high-resolution graphics, I searched for another solution. I came up with the subroutine in the Listing, which can substitute for a GET statement, but doesn't allow a cursor to appear on-screen. Line 100 continues looping back on itself until you press a key. Line 110 records the selected character and resets the key- board strobe with a POKE before re- turning. The value of A$ can then be used in the same way as the result of a GET statement. The subroutine starting in line 200 provides a cursorless input. First, 1$ is initialized as a null string in line 200, then built up one charactfia: at a time in line 230. Line 240 allows the user to correct errors by backspacing. This process is concluded in line 220 when the return key is pressed. The final value of 1$ is then available as the re- sponse to the INPUT statement. One advantage of this subroutine over the usual input is probably more signifi- cant than the elimination erf the cur- sor; a comma can be entered in a string using this subroutine without resulting in an EXTRA IGNORED message. If you are using G.P.L.E. to edit your program, you must remove the editor from memory before running a program containing these subrou- tines. I also wanted to use some sort of abbreviation or symbol to replace Ae frequently-repeated PRESS ANY KEY TO CONTINUE. Line 300 does this by printing an inverse > in the lower right comer of the screen. Of course, you must ^lain the meaning of this symbol early in your program. ■ Address correspondence to Abram Af . Plum ett the School of Music, Illinois We^&^n Univer- sity, Bloomington, IL 61701. REM * 'GET* SUBROUTINE * I = PEEK ( - 16384): IF I < 128 THEN 100 I = I - 128:A$ = CHR$ (l): POKE - 16368,0: RETURN REM * 'INPUT' SUBROUTINE* 1$ = I = PEEK ( - 16384): IF I < 128 THEN 210 I = I - 128: POKE - 16368,0: IF I = 13 THEN 230 A$ = CHR$ (I): PRINT A$;sl§ « 1$ + A$ 240 IP I = 8 THEN PRINT CHR§ (32);: PRINT A$j:I, (I$,L) 250 GOTO 210 295 REM * 'PRESS ANY KEY TO CONTINUE' SUBROUTINE* 300 POKE 2039,62: GOSUB 100 t RETURN 95 100 110 195 20 210 220 PRINT ! RETURN LEN (1$) - 2:1$ LEFT? Pmgj/mn Ibflng. Cursor remtwd subroutine. Circle 245 on Readef Service card. /NAME BRAND PRODUCTS DISCOUNT PRICES PRINTERS EQUIPMENT EPSON MANNESMANN TAJLLY BMITM 112 6ider Nfay 19S4 f OOmMCN .JUKI Transtar TOSHIBA » ROBOT \^rt)afim nm UPON MQUIST DISCOUNT PMCE USr AND MTOWMATION I 1-800-841-0860 Stwce 1978 MicroManagement Systems, inc. 2803 Thomasville Road Bast Cairo, Georgia 31728 Circle 517 on Reader Service card. miDi=i^\Am Software fhat's priced UNDER the competitions' APPLE PROFESSIONAL iy,V<»J^^I jusf for YouJ FREE DISK SLEEW wtth #ach purchasel The Speller , , $37 The Calendar , $37 The Writer - , $45 The Producer , $69 Sargon III $37 CONTINENrAL FREE DISK SLEEVE With each purchase! General Ledger $157 Accounts Receivable i ..... . $157 Accounts Payable . , $157 Payroll $157 Property Management $349 Home Accounting ; $47 First Class Mail $60 Tax Advantage $47 Certified Personal Investor Certified Personal Accountant . Personal Payables $79 $79 $39 MICROPRO WordStar , $289 InfoStar : $289 ReptStor , $259 ProPack (WordStar. Mail Mge., Spellsr., Starlndex) $389 GREAT SAVINGS ON Monogram Dollars & Sense $77 TeleLeorning University $119 CompuServe Start Kit 5 hrs $29 MS! Programmabie Spreadsheet $69 Sierra HomeWord $49 APPLE EDUCATION SPINNAKER KidWriter ages 5-12 $23 Delta Drawing ages 4-up $37 Alphabet Zoo ages 3-8 $23 Hey Diddle ages 3-10 $23 KinderComp ages 3-8 $23 Rhymes & Riddles ages 5-9 $23 Story Machine ages 5-9 , $26 Search Amazing Thing ages 10-up $29 Snooper Troops 1 ages 10-up , $33 Snooper Troops 2 ages 10-up ..... . . ..... $33 Fraction Fever ages 7-up ...... . $23 AMERICAN EDUCATIONAL COMPUTER Learn About Sounds (grades K-3) $39 Words In Reading I (grades 1-3) $39 Words In Reading II (grades 1-3) - $39 Reading Comprehension I (grades 1-4) $37 Reading Comprehension II (grades 3-7) $37 Reading Comprehension II (grades 6-8) $37 Vocabulary Word Builder (grades 2-8) $29 Grammar Word Skill (grades 2-8) $29 U.S. Geography Facts (grades 2-8) $29 World Geography (grades 2-8) $29 Spanish Vocabulary (grades 2-8) $29 CBS SOFTWARE Success with Moth Series Additibh-Subtraction $19 Multiplication-Division , $19 Linear Equations . , $19 Quadratic Equations $19 Mastering the SAT. $99 HAYDEN Ages 4-10 MicroAddition (D&C) . . . MicroSubtraction (D&C) MicroDivision (D&C) MicroMuIti plication (D&C) $20 $20 $20 $20 HARDWARE SOFTWARE UNDERWARE SCOHFORESMAN For You! Probe Primary $29 Probe Intermediate , $29 Probe Jr. H.S $29 Probe H.S.-adult $29 DESIGNWARE graph $29 Trap A Zoid . , , $29 Creature Creator , , . $29 Speliicopter $29 APPLE ENTERTAINMENT Hayden Sargon 2 $27 Hoyden Sargon 3 $37 Epyx Temple Apshai $28 Epyx Jumpmon $25 Epyx Oil Barons $39 Sega Star Trei< $33 Sega Buck Rogers $33 Sega Congo Bongo $33 SubLogic Flight Simulator $27 infoCpm Zork t 2, 3 , each $26 PI=RIPI-ll=RyKI.S IVIONITORS For You! BMC 13" Composite Color Plus $239 Amdek Color ( , $287 USI 14" Color $279 USI 12" Green Hi-Hi Res $129 USI 12" Amber Hi-Hi Res ■ $139 TAXAN 12" Green . $99 TAXAN 12" Amber $109 TAXAN 13" RGB Color $499 NEC JC 1216 RGB $419 NEC JB 1205 Amber ' $155 DISK DRIVES RANA Elite 1 RANA Elite 2 RANA Elite 3 Controller with above . $249 $385 $495 . $77 CONCORDE Full High SS-SD 163K $239 Half High SS-SD 163K : $249 Full High DD-DD 326K $339 full High DS-DD 326K $339 Half High DS-DD 326K $359 MODEMS NOVATION ANCHOR MODEMS For You! With Power & Cable Mark 7 300 baud $129 Mark 12 300-1200 baud $319 Volksmodem 300 baud $79 PRINTERS NEC 8023A $379 NEC 8025 $669 STAR GEMINI 10X $287 Okidata 82A $339 Okidata 83 A $589 Transtar 1315 Color $489 GRAPHICS TABLET CHALKBOARD POWERPAD (with Apple Start Kit) . , $119 SOFTWARE PACKAGES Leonardo Logo $39 Leo's Links $27 Programmers Kit $19 BearJam $25 KOALTXPAD Apple $85 BOARDS & BUFFERS PRAaiCAL PERIPHERALS Printerface $59 GraphiCord $79 MicroBuffer II • 16K $189 MiCroBuffer 11 ■ 32K $219 JOYSTICKS ETAL Apple Analog $39 Apple Mouse . . $49 Kensington System Saver $63 BLANK DISKEnES MAXELL DISKS MD1 SS DD Box of Ten , MD2 DS DD Box of Ten $27 S40 VERBATIM VoluLife SS DD Box ot Ten $28 ValuLife DS DD feox of Ten $42 u ^h A Pea 12629 N. latum Btvd. Suite 138 Ptioenix, AZ 85032 Monkey See-Spell (D&C) $20 Smart Cat 103-212 1200 .... , $415 212 Auto Cat . w.. . $575 Cat $137 D-Cat $155 J-Cat $119 Apple Cot II (300 baud) $199 2 1 2 Apple Cat ( 1 200 baud.) $549 ORDEI?tr^G & TERMS: Send cashier check, money order; personal/company checks allow 3 weeks bank clearance VlSA/MasterCard accepted Provide phone number with order SHIPPING: Software add $4.00 for tirst piece, add SI .00 each additional piece. Hardware add 3% or S10 00 wtiichever is greater Returns must have authorization number (call 602-968-9128 for authorization number) Ai\ returned merchandise subject to restocking tee and mustcome with all original packaging. No returns allowed after 30 days from shipping date Prices ore for cosh. VISA and MosterCard odd 3% Prices subject to change without notice. Ail products subject to availability from manufacturers and/or suppliers. All prices in U.S. dollars. We pay shipping on backorders CALL TOLL FREE 1-800-431-8697 602-957-3619 For Customer Service Coll: 602-955-3857 May 1984 feider 113 Hints 'n' Techniques Paddle Reading by Steven Lott Imagine this: You are writing your first program attempting to read the x and y position of the joy- stick. Your joystick position reading routine yidds erratic results. A sec- ond joystick shows the same prob- lems. You call the manufacturer; he claims that it is unlikely to be a hard- ware problem and suggests that the problem is in the software. You are at a loss for a method that wiU cor- rectly read the joystick. See inCider Letters, June and October, to read about people who have had this problem. The problem is in tfie timing cir- cuit which reads the paddle values. It needs a short span of time between paddle readings. Without this short span of time, 5ie second paddle val- ue is unreliable. To banish this bugaboo, insert an Circle 67 on Reader Service card. Attention! State of the Art " software users with Apple 1 1, lie your program can run 3 to4x faster with our Speedu*! System The lobero Building PC), Box 2 i42 SanM Barlxir.i. Ca. 9*120 (805) 9()f)-1 140 idle loop between reading paddle and paddle 1. This will provide the short span of time needed by the timing circuit. The following sample programs in Applesoft, Pasc^, Cra- FORTH, and Assranbler illustrate the solution. Applesoft: 10 X = PDL(0): FOR I = 1 TO 10: NEXTI: Y = PDL(1) Pascal: (*This function uses applestuH*) FUNCTION stldc ( VAR x,y: INTEGER); CONST stallmax = 3; VAR stall: INTEGER; BEGIN x:= paddle (0) ; FOB stall: = TO staUmaz DO; y: « paddle (1) END (*stick*); GraFORTH: Cirote l^on Raader Service card. Apple U + Paper Tape I/O 1$ This Easy 10101011010001010:.:.:.:.::.::.:.:.::.:.: 01010101010010100 .:.:.:.:.::.:..:.::.:.: One minute you're without, ttie next you're up and running! Just plug into your APPLE II PLUS. A neat and complete package. • M^l 600-t Punch — 50cp8, nigged • Model 605 Reader — ISOcps • Parallel interface Board/Cable • Data Handling Program Code conversion available. TRS-80 pack- age soon. ADDMASTER CORR 416 Junl- pero Serra Dr., San Gabriel, CA 91776 * 213/285-1121. :sttdc(— x/y) paddle 32 do loop 1 paddle; Assembler: LDX #0 JSR $FB1E STY pdlO ;paddleO LDA jf$32 JSR $FCA8 ; stall for a while LDX #1 JSR $FB1E STY pdll ; paddle I This problem set me back about two hours of effort. I was made aware of it because GraFORTH is so fast. I had to experiment to find a stall loop that was long enough. Ap- plesoft is slow enough that ahnost any processing between PDL calk is sufBcient. ■ Ymcan wfiielaSteomF, LoUai416H&rvard Circle 356 on Readef Service card. ^3 ^3 SB mm^oo ^9 ■ aSFT MBTOR Libpary Cbm Wieh ■■.Box ' 1 SPECIAL l»ljrflg)^gjl VERBATIM •O^aecT H3.— MEMOREX bo'itVcc? 23." 31VI - SCOTCH BQPT SEC?. Sa.™ Plaacia Storage ^^mffjS^ Flip n F)l« Box '<f^ i or Z^^s «. ( IB-' X:""^^ A d d ^ g Oa Handling in USA mn^m*. In Pla. Only APO/Ba« Mb*b a Catmda Ad# a.SO ■hippirts MEGfl g] am tees a.w. «ath stn»c Ft LaudardBla, FlnHda 3331 4 30B-SB7-1 1 SO ^ maxell Complete ^1^^ Computer / MalncanancB Kit: or ^W'l 114 6ider May 1984 Circle 361 on Rsaqer Service card. Avoid the LR.S (Inadvertently Ruined Software) You need software insurance. Diskettes are fragile, and when a protected program is damaged, the results are expensive and inconvenient. If you have a backup diskette, though, you can have your Apple, IBM or compatible computer back on line within seconds . . . affordably. That's software insurance. Copy II Plus (Apple) This is the most widely used backup program for the Apple. Rated as "one of the best software buys of the year" by InCider magazine, i^^^i^i^ienu puts nearly every disk command at your lHgeftip^The manual, with more than Z0:|>i?P^l|ii3^Mipr<^ction" schemes^n^i^^jlac^p^ simple instru^^^|cj|:baijd^ 300 popular programs. The Bacf||ip^li00k is^Mp bimonthly, and is always available^Copy II Plus owners for only $1.00 (and a self-addressed, stamped envelope). Best of all. Copy II Plus is still only $39.95. Wildcard 2 (Apple) Designed by us and produced by Eastside Software, Wildcard 2 is the easiest-to-use, most reliable card available. Making backups of your total load software can be as easy as pressing the button, inserting a blank disk and hitting the return key twice. Wildcard 2 copies 48K, 64K and 128K software, and, unlike other cards, is always ready to go. No preloading software into the card or special, preformatted diskettes are required. Your backups can be run with or without the card in place and can be transferred to hard disks. $139.95 con^^lete. Copy n PC (IBM) This is THE disk backup program for the IBM PC and PC/XT that copies almost anything. Others may make similar claims, but in reality, nothing out performs Copy II PC ... at any price. Copy II PC even includes a disk speed check and is another "best buy" at only $39.95. We are the backup professionals. Instead of diluting our efforts in creating a wide variety of programs, we specialize in offering the very best in backup products. So, protect your software investment, before the I.R.S. gets you. C5NTRAL POINT Software, Inc. The Backup Professionals Important Notice: 1 nese products are provided for the purpose of enabung you to make archival copies only. Under the Copyright Law, you, as the owner of a computer program, are entitled to make a new copy for archival purposes oniy, and these products will enable you to do so. These products are supplied for no other purpose and you are not permitted to utilize them for any other use, other than that specified. To order, call 503/244-5782, 8:00-5:30 Mon.-Sat., or send your order to: Central Point Software, 9700 SW Capitol Hwy, Suite 100, Portland, OR 97219. Prepayment is required. Please include $2 for shipping and handling. Calendar May 3-6 Personal Computer Userf^ (Apple/IBM and compatibles) ChicagOy IL contact: Northeast Expositions 822 Boylston St. Chestnut Hill, MA 02167 (800) 841-7000 May 5 Computer Confeienoe Cambridge, MA contact: Nancy Roberts Lesley College 29 Everett St. Cambridge, MA 02238 (617) 868-9600 May 6 Logic Computer Faire Toronto, Ontario contact: Loyal Ontario Group Interested in Computeirs PO Box 696 Station B Willowdale, Ont M2K2P9 (416) 881-8120 May 6^-9 ComunicadiHies EspQ ^ Tampa, FL contact: Paula Belikove PO Box 860 Westwoo4 MA 02090 (617) 329^8090 May 7-11 Capitol-izing on Computers in Educatkm Washii^n, DC contact: Steven Raucher AEDS 1984 Convention PO Box 1248B Rockville, MD 20850 (301) 279-3581 May 10-12 Byte Computer Show Chicago, IL contact: Peter B. Young The Interface Groiqp Inc. 300 First Ave. Needham, MA 02194 (800) 325-3330 May 10-12 Softwest 1984 IBM PC & Apple Etenva-, CO contact: Colorado Conference Group 3312 Cripple Creek Suite C Boulder, GO 80303 (303) 499-1034 May 13-17 Computer Gnqdiks "84 Anaheim, CA contact: National Computer Graphics Assoc. 8401 Arlington Blvd. Suite 601 Fairfax, VA 22031 (703) 698-9600 May 15-17 Mini/Micro Nortiiea5t-84 Boston, MA contact: Nancy Hogan Electronic Conventions Inc. 811 Airport Blvd. Los Angeles, CA 90045 (213) 772-2965 May 16-18 Teaching Math with Microoomputeis Miami, FL contact: NCTM 1906 Association Drive Reston,VA 22091 (703)620-9840 May 16-18 Microcomputer Seminar Miami, FL contact: NCHTM 1906 Association Drive Reston, VA 22091 (703)620^-9840 May 22-25 COMDEX/Spring Adanta, GA contact: Peter B. Young The Interface Group, Inc. 300 First Ave. Needham, MA 02194 (800)325-3330 May 22-26 Micro Expo Paris, France contact: Dianne Brodc SYBEX, Inc. 2344 Sixth St. Berkeley, CA 94710 (415) 848-8233 June 11-15 National Educatimud Computer Conferenoe Dayton, OH contact: Lawrence A. Jehn Computer Sdenoe Dept. University of Dayton Dayton, OH 45469 (513) 229-3831 June 12 Info/Softwaie Chicago, IL contact: Clapp & Poliak 708 Third Ave. New York, NY 10017 June 12-15 Understanding Microprocessor-Based Equipment and Tronbleshcxiti^g Minneapolis, MN contact: B.J. Green Micro Syst^ns Institute Gamett, KS 66032 (913) 898-^152 June 14-17 Byte Computer Show Los Angeles, CA contact: Peter B. Young The Interface Group, Inc. 300 First Ave. Needham, MA 02194 (800) 325-3330 June 21-22 Microcomputers in Education and Training Boston, MA contact: Raymond G. Fox SALT 50 Culpepper St. Warrenton, VA 22186 (703) 347-0055 July 9-12 1984 National Computer Conference Las Vegas, NV contact: Trudy Rilai AFDPS PO Box 3691 McLean, VA 22103 (703) 620-8952 July 25-29 Siggraph '84 Minneapolis, }4N contact: Gerri Salvatore 111 East Wacker Dr. Chicago, IL 60601 (312) 664-6610 116 6lder Usyim NORTHEASTERN SOFTWARE 101 William Henry Drive, Monroe, CT 06468 UP TO 50% DISCOUNT Circle 310 on Reader Serviee caret. GAMES HARDWARE Our Program Centipede Dig Dug Stare ross Suspended Zork, I, II, III Witness Deadline Planetfall Enchanter Infidel Ultima III (Exodus) Caverns of Callisto Lode Runner Choplifter Drol Spare Change Maze Craze Eagles Queen of Hearts Fortress Pro Tour Golf Ring Side Seat Cosmic Balance II Bomb Alley Geopolitique 1990 Epidemic North Atlantic 86 Germany 1985 Broadsides Flight Simulator I Flight Simulator II Night Mission Pinball Wizardry I Wizardry II (Night of Diamonds) Wizardry III (Legacy of Llylgamyn) Police Artist Wiziprint Cyrpt of Medea Rescue Raiders Zaxxon Pooyan Gensis Spy's Demise The Spy Strikes Back The Quest Minit Man Bouncing Kamangas Coveted Mirror Mr. Cool Congo Bongo Frogger Sammy Light Foot Time Zone Ultima II The Dark Crystal Quest For Tires Super Taxman II Stellar 7 Fax Jumpman Eating Machine Advanced Black Jack Castle Wolfenstein Caverns of Frietag Spitfire Simulator Air Sim III Sargon II Sargon III Cubit Miner 2049ef Oino Eggs Death in ttie Caribbean Critical Mass Masquerade Bats tn the Belfry Mad Rat Diamond Mine Star Maze CWesta Chess 7,0 How about a nice game of Chess The Serpent's Star Rendezvous Titan Empire Beneath Apple Manor I.Q. Baseball Zero Gravity Pinball Price 25.00 25.00 26.00 33.00 25.00 33.00 33.00 33.00 33.00 33.00 39.00 26.00 24.00 24.00 24.00 23.00 30.00 30.00 26.00 26.00 30.00 30.00 29.00 41.00 29.00 29.00 43.00 41.00 29.00 25.00 39.00 25.00 33.00 24.00 27.00 23.00 19.00 23.00 23.00 27.00 23.00 23.00 13.50 13.50 13.50 13.50 13.50 13.50 30.00 28.00 24.00 27.00 65.00 41.00 27.00 26.00 16.00 24.00 22.00 30.00 37.00 37.00 20.00 20.00 26.00 29.00 25.00 37.00 29.00 26.00 30.00 26.00 27.00 26.00 20.00 16.00 22.00 2«.00 S2.00 23.00 27.00 27.00 24.00 20.00 19.00 20.00 ■ PRINTERS ^^^M Our Price APPLE Apple Dot Matrix 553 00 Apple Daisy Wheel 1.826!00 Dtiu men nn 775.00 niARi n 620 850.00 630 1,625.00 DYNAX OX- 15 450.00 EPSON FX-80 KKti tin FX-100 DOo.UU MX-100 Kun nn IDA Prism 80 (Basic) 1,080.00 Prism 80 (Full) 1,257.00 Prism 132 (Basic) 1 9 An tin rrism \oc [ruw) 1 675 00 MirrnnriQm '550!00 JUKI 6inn 450.00 MANASMAN TALLY 160L 620.00 180L 805.00 1602P i on UKIuAlA 92P 470.00 93P 700!{>0 PROWRITER 851 OAP (ProWriter 1) 365.00 655.00 F-lf) (4(1 rn<\ 1,125.00 F-in (*iS rn<\ 1,425.00 SMITH CARONA TP-1 499.00 Olnn ITI 1 U ITU n lift) Gemini 10X 320.00 Gemini 15X 409.00 Power Type 400.00 TRANSTAR 120 440.00 130 605.00 140 1,235.00 315 470.00 Pics Card 96.00 APPLE Appte Add On 350.00 MICRO SCI Disk Contr. for A2 75.00 Disk Contr. for A40/70 75.00 A2 230.00 A2 w/controller 295.00 A40 295.00 A40 w/controller 365.00 A70 365.00 A70 w/controller 445.00 RANA Disk Controller 95.00 Elite 1 275.00 Elite 1 w/controller 360.00 Elite II 470.00 Elite II w/controller 535.00 Elite III 590.00 Elite III w/controller 665.00 AMDEK Color 1 + 315.00 Color 11 + 440.00 Color III 350.00 DVM II or DVM III RGB Interface139.00 DVM 80E RGB Interface 149.00 Amdek 300G Hi-Res 149.00 Amdek 300A Amber 160.00 NEC 12" Color 298.00 TAXAN 12" AMBER 135.00 210 Color 299.00 RGB Vision III 450.00 RGB-II Interface 140.00 Our Price 150.00 160.00 ffi»J0 95.00 71.00 95.00 23.00 298.00 115.00 78.00 48.00 45.00 65.00 67.00 94.00 53.00 275.00 230.00 189.00 BUSINESS Program ACTION RESEARCH Zardax APPLE Apple Writer He Quick File lie ARTSCI Magic Calc Magic Memory Magic Window II ARTWORKS Magic List 3.0 BPI General Accounting BUSINESS SOLUTIONS Incredible Jack COMPUTER TAX SERVICE Money Street CONTINENTAL SOFTWARE The Home Accountant The Tax Advantage FCM/FL F.A.S.T. DICKENS DATA SYSTEMS The Wall Street Plotter The Super Plotter DOW JONES SOFTWARE The Market Analyzer Market Manager FOX & GELLER QuickGOde HAYDEN Pie Writer 2 2 99.00 HOWARD SOFTWARE SERVICES Real Estate Analyzer II 120.00 HOWARD W. SAMS Financial Facts 47,00 Instant Recall 47,00 KENSINGTON Format II Enhanced 105,00 LIVING VIDEO Think Tank 124.00 MEGAHAUS MegaFinder MegaSpell MegaWriter MICROPRO Calcstar Infostar Spellstar Wordstar Wordstar W/Z Card Word/Spell/Mail MICROSOFT Multiplan MID WEST SOFTWARE Write Away MUSE Supertext-Pro PEACHTREE Peach Calc QUARK Lexicheck/Word Juggler He Combo SENSIBLE SOFTWARE Booksends Report Card Sensible Speller SIERRA ON/LINE The Dictionary The General Manager II Homeword Screenwriter lie SlUCON VALLEY The Handlers Package List Handler The Word Handler II SOFTUNK Practical Accnt SOFTWARE PUBUSHING PFS: File PFS: Graph PFS: Report PFS: School Record Keeper PFS: Write He STONEWARE B Master Ver. 4 VISICORP Visicalc 3.3 Visiplot Visitrend/Visipiot 108,00 45.00 47.00 118.00 320.00 162.00 320.00 Call 540.00 175.00 126.00 70.00 92.00 155.00 82,00 44.00 82.00 65.00 149.00 37.50 82.00 90,00 36.00 42.00 105.00 82.00 82.50 K.50 105.00 82.50 230.00 164,00 139,00 198.00 SPECIAL DISCOUNTS Knoware 72.00 Locksmith 5.0. 73.00 Replay II 110.00 Wildcards Call E.D.D. (Best Nibble Copier) 68.00 CIA Files (How to Crack) Call Back it up III 56.00 CENTRAL POINT Copy II Plus 28.00 Apple Computers Call EDUCATIONAL Program Our Price APPLE Logo 160.00 BPI Speed Read 140.00 CBS Software Call COUNTERPOINT SOFTWARE Early Games For Young Children 22.00 Fraction Factory 22.00 DAVIDSON AND ASSOCIATES Word Attack 37.00 Math Blaster 37.00 Speed Reader II 52.00 DESIGNWARE Crypto Cube 30.00 Creature Creator 30.00 Spellicopter 30,00 OLM Alien Addition 24.00 Medior Multiplication 24.00 Demolition Division 24.00 Alligator Mix 24.00 Dragon Mix 24.00 edu-ware Compu-Read 20.00 Compu^Math 34.00 SAT Word Attack Skills 34.00 PSAT Word Attack Skills 34.00 Spelling w/Reading Prmr. 27.00 Algebra 1 2 3 or 4 27.00 Algebra 5 & 6 37.50 HARCOURT BRACE JOVANOVICH Computer SAT 60.00 HAYDEN SOFTWARE Micro Division 22.00 Micro Multiplication 22.00 Micro Typing II 22.00 Micro Subtractions 22.00 Micro Addition 22.00 LEARNING COMPANY Rocky's Boots 34.00 Gertrudes Puzzles 30,00 Gertrudes Secrets 30.00 Bumble Plot 27.00 Bumble Games 27.00 Juggles Rainbow 20.00 Magic Spell 24.00 MICRO UB English SAT 22,00 Math SAT 22.00 PROGRAM DESIGN Reading Comp. Vocabulary Builder One: Beginning Two; Advanced The New Step by Step Step by Step II SCARBOROUGH SYSTEMS Songwriter Picturewriter SIERRA ON-LINE Learning with Leepef Bop-A-Bet Dragons Keep Troll's Tale SPINNAKER SOFTWARE Trains Pacemaker Snooper Troops 1 & 2 Story Machine Ktndercomp Delta Drawing Kids on Keys Alphabet Zoo SUBLOGIC Whole Brain Spelling TERRAPIN Logo XEROX Sticky Bear Numbers Sticky Bear ABC Sticky Bear Bop Sticky Bear Dpposites Sticky Bear Shapes Sticl^ Bear Basket Bnc. 1B.00 1B.00 13.00 65.00 65.00 30.00 30.00 24.00 19.00 20.00 20.00 2B.00 23.00 30.00 24.00 20.00 41.00 21.00 20.00 24.00 108.00 27.00 27.00 27.00 27.00 27.00 27,00 HOME/HOBBY Program Our Price BEAGLE Alpha Plot 27.00 Apple Mechanic 20.00 Beagle Basic 24.00 Disk Quick 22.00 Doss Boss 16.00 Double Take 24.00 Flext Text 20.00 Frame Up 20.00 G P L E 37.00 Pronto Doss 20.00 Silicon Salad 17.00 Typefaces 15.00 Utility City 20.00 BRODERBUND Bank Street Writer 47.00 Bank Street Speller 48.00 CHALKBOARD Power Pad 81.50 Starter Kit 39.00 DECISION SUPPORT The Accountant 95.00 MICROLAB SAT English I 21.65 MICROSOFT Applesoft Compiler 126.00 Typing Tutor II 18.00 MONOGRAM Dollars & Sense 72.00 PENGUIN Graphics Magician 41.00 SOFTRONICS Softerm I 97.50 Softerm II 140.00 SOFTWESTERN DATA ACII Express Pro 85,00 Merlin Assembler 47,00 Merlin Combo Pack 82,00 TURNINGPOINT Time is Money 70.00 VIRTUAL COMBINATICS Micro Cookbook ll/lle 27.50 ACCESSORIES Pfflgram Our Price CORVUS Hard Disks Call EPS Keyboard 275,00 HAYES Apple II: Mach H 31.00 Mach III 38.95 Apple lie: Mach II 35.00 Mach III 42.95 HAYES Micromodem lle/w Smart Com I 250.00 KENSINGTON System Saver 65.00 KOALA Koala Pad 90.00 KRAFT Joystick 40.00 MICROSOFT Ram Card 75.00 Softcard 238.00 NOVATION Apple Cat II 259,00 ORANGE MICRO Grappler + 120,00 SATURN 128K Board 375.00 SPIES LABS Super MX Interface Card 157.00 STREET ELECTRONICS Echo II 124.00 SWEET MICRO Mockinboard 86.00 SYNETIXS Super Sprite 320,00 TG Joystick ll/lle 45.00 Paddles 28.00 Select A Port 35.00 TRACKHOUSE Key Pad 150.00 VERSA EZ Port 11 28.00 VIDEX Ultraterm 295.00 Videoterm 245.00 ZOOM TELEFONICS Networker 105.00 Netmaster 65.00 Combo 145.00 MEDIA Program ILIPMAMT 5 m SSSO MAXELL 5 % SSDD VERBATIM 5 Va SSDD Our Price 18.50 NO ADDITIONAL CHARGES FOR CREDIT CARD ORDERS VISA' (MQitaiCopd 1 For Fast Delivery send cashier's check, certified check or money order. Personal and company check allow 3 weeks to clear. Sltiji^lim * Sofmrare (^.SO iDinlmum). C.O J. add an additional $1.75. Shipping - Hardnnire (piaase call). Alaska, Hawaii, Canada. PO, APO and FPO $5.00 minimum. Foreign orders • $15.00 minimum and 15<^ of all orders over $100. Mastercard & Visa (include card # and expiration date). Connecticut residents add 7.5^o sales tax. We ship same day for most orders. Prices subject to change without notice. School purchase orders accepted. All returns must have a return authorization number. Call 203^268-1850 to obtain one before returning goods tor replacement. If something you would like is not listed, just caii. If we don't iiave It, we can get it. ORDERS ONLY TOLL FREE - 7 DAYS/WK 1-800-382-2242 For Inquiries and Connecticut Orders Call (203)268-1850 Book Reviews Write Your Own Apple Cam^ fay Stuart Ansds Creative Computing Press One Park Ave. New York, NY 10016 Softeover, $12.95 Are you a beginning program- mer, anxious to learn how to v^^rite your ow^n computer games? Or are you an advanced pmgrammer, looking to fine-tune your graphics skills and pick up a few byte-saving algorithms? Or maybe you're a teacher just trying to stay one step ahead of your best programming dassp If you're any of these — or if you just love to play games on your Ap- ple — you'll agree that Write Your Own Apple Games by Stuart An^ is a necessary addition to your comput- er library. Written for people of many differ- ent skill levels, this book is a complete tutorial on how to write original ^unes in Applesoft Basic. Unlike some of the how-to programmer aids that throw one trick after another at you in machine-gun style, Stuart Anstis clearly explains each technique with examples, helping you under- stand why they work. No blind faith is required here; you are learning methods to use again and again in all your programs. Chapter one, *Writing Your Own Games," is the main tutorial section of the book. Youll be taught all the tricks, subroutines and algorithms needed to get started. Flowcharting, paddle controls, keeping score, ani- mation, using random numbers, tim- ers and Brovmian motion are just a few of the topics you'll find ex- plained. The remaining six chapters include over fifty g^une and pmie program listings with explanations and sample screen outputs. You'll shoot up enemy tanks, challenge the computer to Tio-Tac-Toe, try your hand at Stock Market, program Fireworks and Dandelions, and even make ani- mated movies, as all the action and graphics techniques you learned in chapter one come alive on your screen. Although the first chapter does presuppose an understanding of Ap- plesoft Basic (and a familiarity with hi- and lo-resolution graphics com- mands), even a novice without these prerequisites will find over 100 pages of game listings to provide hburs of enjoyment. Apple game enthusiasts of all kinds will consider this book a real "find." Ken Silverstein Sakm,NH Pascal Programs for Games and Graphics by Tom Swan Hayden Book Company Inc. 10 Mulholland Drive Hasbrouck Hd^ts, NJ 07604 Softoover, $15.95 Many Apple owners have dis- covered that writing com- puter games can be as much fun as playing them. This book provides an introduction for the Pascal program- mer to the world of game software. The book is divided into four sec- tions. The first begins with several programs that generate abstract im- ages on the Apple's hi-res screen. These are followed by a variety of games, including a simple shooting gallery, a challenging game similar to Break-out and a multiplayer game called Li^ Bikes whiidi is reminis- cent of the game in the movie Tron. The second section of the book contains four utility programs. The first utility provides the means to cre- ate and edit character sets for use on the hi-res screen. The second is a gen- eral-purpose drawdng program. A third allows easy editing of individu- al pixels on the hi-res screen. The fi- nal utiUty is a (slow) program for printing the hi-res screen on a letter- quahty printer, the NEC 7730. The book s third section contains descriptions of procedures in the Ap- ple Pascal units Applestuff and Tur- tiegraphics, and descriptions of ex- tensions to standard Pascal which are part of the Apple Pascal language. The final section presents a Pascal unit which is used in earUer pro- grams. It contains a set of routines for the text scre^, including a vray nice procedure for obtaining edited key- board input. While the programs in this book are not nearly as sophisticated as conmierdal ofiEerings, th^ do pro- vide much valuable information. Im- portant techniques illustrated in- clude using the exclusive-or operation for displaying and erasing shapes, substituting look-up tables for calcu- lations, using random numbers to add interest to games, and collision detection. Other topics include using special character sets for animation, anploying a variant record to access memory or soft switches from Pascal, using multiple character sets on the hi-res screen, and procedures for Ap- le*s lo-res graphics. My only complaint with this work is the inclusion of tiie procedure de- scriptions in section three. They are intended for persons who wish to run the programs under some version of Pascal other than Apple's. Anyone who is capable of implementing the procedures described (such as Draw- block) will probably not be interested in the games presented earlier. Leav- ing out this material would have shortened the book by 20 percent and presumably lowered its cost. The text and programs are well- written, and the program listings are quite legible. For many, the utiUties In sections two and four will be worth the price of the book. A pair of com- panion disks containing the source code for all of the programs makes it even more attractive. If you want to have fun and learn some new Pascal programming techniques, this book is for you. ■ Jam^ Reese Fdk Church, VA 118 6ider May 1984 ^Book Reviews- Circle 146 on Reader Service card. The Naked Computer Jack B, Rochester and John Cantz William Morrow and Company Inc. lOS Madison Ave. New York, NY 10016 Softcover, $15.95 44 Take a good long look at a computer. Does it have in- put, output, a bit of binary? No? Then you are not taking a look at a computer." That profound truth, quoted from a sixth grade teacher's collection of her students' pronounce- ments, is one of the thousands of rea- sons you should quickly dash out and make this collection of biggest, old- est, heaviest, lightest, quickest, witti- estj and other superlative computer- related memorabilia your own. What a pleasure to read and re- view a book like thisi From the first page to the last period you'll be shak- ing your head at the unbelievable, smiling at the idiosyncratic, laughing at the preposterous, and jumping up from the chair to enlighten your spoilt (children, relative, neighbor^ or anyone that wiU listen) on the most recent absurdity that has tickled your funny bone. In The Naked Computer authors Gantz and Rochester have assembled a collection of computer information that spans the years from Joseph Henry and Charles Babbage to IBM and Apple. It's all here — the people who started it, the machines they made and the companies they cre- ated, the kluges that couldn't or wouldn't, the robots that tried, the crooks that did, the war machines that, 1 pray, never do, from Ada^ in- sights to Wozniak's amnesia. Curl up some evening with this enchantment and read till dawn. If ever a book rated a "couldn't put it down" re- ward, this is it. On the other hand, you can keep it by the easy chair and read a page or two during a TV com- mercial with just as much pleasure. The chapters divide up the collec- tion into some semblance of order so if you'd like to concentrate on com- puter crime, military concoctions. communications, IBM, the future, robots, history, medicine, banking, or whatever, you can jump in any- where and splash around to your heart's content. The ind^ will help if you're pursuing a specific subject. Apple and Apple Inc. have 12 list- ings but I found a few additional ones like the story of programmer Paul Lutus whose 1300-foot exten- sion cord powers his Apple in the Cascade Mountains. The book is fun from cover to cover, so I did not at first suspect that here, in these 300-plus pages, was a history of the computer revolution and the people and events that sparked it. It is a microcosm of the in- dustry, presented as no history book has ever done, with facts and humor intermingled so ingeniously that one never suspects that knowledge and education are being dispensed. An example: The Social Security Admin- istration's five-acre complex in Woodlawn, Maryland is a "veritable factory of computer errors," wiih 500,000 reels of tape, whose comput- er programs have overpaid $600 mil- lion to recipients and. . . oh, read it yourself and learn and laugh through the t^Js. Not just a collection of facts, fasci- nating as they may be, Gantz and Rochester have provided their own commentary that provides for some additional illumination, insight, and humor about that infamous ma- chine. The Naked Computer, I hope the authors wiH update this collection every few years, just to keQ) us all from taking ourselves too seriously. And, because I just can't resist it, here's one parting quote: "The most entertaining event at the 1979 Na- tional Coinputer Conference was a contest to see who could build a me- chanical mouse that could make the best total time running thrice throu^ a maze In a fitting trib- ute to mouse over mind, however, the contest was won by a very dumb but very fast mouse that merely hugged the wall, trying all the cor- ridors, until it got out."H Art Ude Stoddard, NH GOLEM COMPUTERS APPLE SOFTWARE/HARDWARE AT SUPER SAVINGS ★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★ PLACE ORDERS TOLL FREE 1-800-345-8112 PA 1-800-662-2444 LIST GOLEM ARCADE W PRICE ZAXXON 39.95 27.97 CHOPUFTER 34.95 24.47 BEAGLE BAG 29.50 20.65 lOOE RUNNER 34.95 24.47 STELLAR- 7 34.95 24.47 MINER 2049Bf 40.00 28.00 ADVENTURE ZQRK I. ZORK II ea. 39.95 27.97 QUEST, TRANSYLVANIA ea, 19,95 13.97 ENCHANTIR , 49,95 34.97 WITNESS 49,95 34.97 STRATEGY FLIGHT SIMULATOR II 49.95 34.97 CASUE WOLFENSTEIN 29.95 20.97 SARGON III ■ 49.95 3447 FANTASY WIZARDRY 49,95 34.97 ULTIMA UUtI , ea. 59.95 41.97 KNIGHT OF DIAMONDS 39.95 24.47 LEGACY OF LLYLGAMYN 39.95 - 27.97 HOBBY BEAGLE BASIC 34.95 24.47 GRAPHICS MAGICIAN 59.95 41.97 UTILITY CITY 29.50 20.65 ZOOM GRAPHICS 49,96 34.97 APPLE MECHANIC 29.95 20.97 PRONTO DOS 29.95 20.97 DOS BOSS 24.00 16.80 HOME HOME ACCOUNTANT 7495 52.47 ASCII EXPRESS: THE PROFESS 129,95 90.97 HAYES TERMINAL PROGRAM 99.00 69.30 CROSSWORD MAGIC 49.95 34.97 VISITERM 100.00 70.00 MICRO/TERMINAL 8495 59.47 HOME EDUCATION MASTER TYPE 39,95 27.97 SNOOPER TROOPS 1,11 ea, 44,95 31.47 TERRAPIN LOGO 149.95 104.30 EARLY GAMES FOR YOUNG CHILDREN .... 29.95 20.97 ROCKVS BOOTS 49 95 34.97 ALGEBRA L ALGEBRA II ea. 39.95 27.97 WORD PROCESSOR BANK STREET WRITER . , 6495 48,97 SCREEN WRITER II ..129.95 90.97 WORDSTAR .......... 395.00 276,50 MAGIC WINDOW II 149,00 104.30 SENSIBLE SPELLER 125,00 87.50 PFSiWRITE 125,00 87.50 BUSINESS VISICALC 25000 175.00 PFSFILE 125,00 87.50 MULTIPLAN 275,00 192.50 PFS:REP0RT 125.00 87,50 OB MASTER 229,00 160.30 PFS:GRAPH 125.00 87.50 HARDWARE SPECIALS MICROMOOEM IIE/SMARTCOM (HAYES} 240.00 GRAPLER + (ORANGE MICRO) 125.00 INDUS GT DISK DRIVE (INDUS SYSTEMS) 240.00 COLOR 1+13" LOW RES COLOR MONITOR (AMDEK) . . . 300,00 GEMNI 1QX PRINTER (STAR MICRONtCS) 279,00 GEMNI DELTA 1 PRINTER (STAR MICRONICS) 479,00 KOALA GRAPHIC TABLET W/SFT (KOALA) 95.00 MACH III W/FIRE BUHON JOYSTICK (HAYES) 4000 ALL ITEMS SUBJECT TO AVAILABILITY PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE To order call toll free or send check or monev order, VISA/MC, COO orders welcome Personal and company checks allow 1 working days to clear Specify if to backorder or to send refund California residents add 6% sales lax Include phone number with order Shipping and handling: All shipments UPS if possible Continental US add S2 00 for 1 to 3 items, 4 to 6 items add $4 00 APO, FPQ Alaska, Hawaii and Canada add $2.00 per item 2nd day air add $1 50. All hardware purchases are prepaid or VISA/MC: shipped U P S - include 5% tor shipping & handling Foreign orders add 10% and include check drawn on U.S. bank C O D orders add S1 65 Mail orders to GOLEM COMPUTERS P.O. BOX 6698 WESTLAKE VILLAGE, OA 91359 Apple IS a trademark ot Apple Computers Inc May 1984 feider 119 Hardware Reviews Amdisk-I Micro-floppy Disk Drive If you've delayed buying that second drive because of the high price of Apple's Disk II, a small solu- tion may be at hand. I say snudl be- cause I am nefetiii^ to Amddts 3- inch disk drive— the Amdisk-I Micro- floppy. The Amdisk-I measures IVi-byA- by-2 inches. Three Amdisk-Fs can fit inside die Disk n. Storage capacity (143K) and performance functions are identical to the Apple product. Other than its inability to use 5 Vi- inch disks, the Amdisk-I can do whatevar the Disk 11 can. Amdisk-I comes with an attached cable that connects to the Apple drive controller board. Instead of a drive door, the Amdisk-I uses a small slot di^idy larger tihan the disks. When you imeit a disk, two metal strips flip back and lock it in place. To remove the disk, press the qect button and the disk pops out. The dlsb are 4-by-3 Vi inches. En- cased in a hard plastic shell, the re- cording media is only exposed v^^hen you insert the disk into die drive. A thin metal plate covers the areas usu- ally exposed on typical 5^-inch di^. The centering tbag is also made of plastic. Each disk has two sides and can store up to 143K per side. In place of Tyvek disk sleeves, the disks come with form-fitting, dear plastic bags for additional protection. An at- tached label allows you to record program names on each disk. Simi- larly, the sticky, write-protect tabs have been eliminated. On the back of each disk are two plastic switches la- beled A and B. Flip the A switch and that side becomes write-protected. Flip it back and you may write nor- mally. The Amdisk-I performs superbly. Although the sound differs from the Disk II, the volume is no greater. The disks are well-ei^ineered and sturdi- ly constructed, refnesentii^ an ad- vance over the flimsy SVi-inch flop- pies. The dosed drive slot should go a long way toward protecting the drive medianism from dust and other con- taminants. The Amdisk-I makes an excellait second drive for those expanding their system's storage capacity. Sug- gested retail price is $299 for the drive and $6.99 per douUe^ded disk. The Amdisk-I is manufactured by Amdek Corporation, 2201 Lively Blvd., EDc Grove Village, IL 60007. ■ Slevcn A* Schwartz Httdniigh, PA KoalaPad I— J owmany of you have been dy- JL JLing to have your own graphics tablet, but were stopped cold by the price? Well, have I got a deal for youl Koala Technologies Corporation has introduced a low-cost miniature touch tablet and graphics package. You can finally give vent to those ar- tistic urges without having to tal^ out a second mortgage. The KoalaPad measures 6-by-8- by-1 inch and has a 4V4-inch square active drawing surfece. Since it weighs only a pound and comes with a 4-foot cord, you can easily and com- fortably hold it in your hand or lap. Connection to the Apple requires ap- proximatdy 15-30 seconds; the pad simply plugs into the Apple game port. With its two firing buttons, it can even be used as a substitute joy- stick widi most ^mies. How does it work? The company calls it a "position sensing device." When you touch the device's surface with your finger or a spedal pla^c stylus the Af^ senses the pressure and translates it into screen coordi- nates in much the same way that it reads joysticks or paddles. KoalaPad accepts custom tablet overlays— thin plastic dieets which pop into the pad's drawing surfece. Eadi overlay has a number of program operations illustrated on it — sort of a touch-and- go menu. One example mentioned in die promotional literature is a pad of 40 programmable function keys. To use the KoalaPad as a graphics tablet, Koala includes the Koala Painter program as part of the pack- age. After booting the disk, you see a hi res menu. To make a sdection, touch the corresponding area on the pad and press the firing button to lock in your choice. To draw, use combinations of finger or st^dus pres- sure and button presses. To dmnge selections, return to die menu. The program ofCers many options. Your artwork may use either of two color sets. You have eight different "brushes** for different stroke sizes and shapes. For fine detail work, use the "magnify" mode. A "fill" com- mand lets you put color into any com- pletely enclosed area of your picture. You also get shape-drawing tools. You can draw individual lines, con- nected lines, rays (a number of lines emanating from a single point), rect- angular or square frames (filled or outlined), and circles (filled or out- lined), each as a single menu option. If you don't like what you've created, use the "erase" command. Need help with using one of the options? On-line help is available. Saving and loading pictures is also performed from the menu. The en- tire program (with the exception of file names) is under the control of the KoalaPad. With practice, even chil- dren can use the Koala Painter. I ran into some real problems with Koala Painter's "frame" command. What you draw, unfortunately, is not always what you get! To make an illustration stand out, I wanted to enclose it in a frame. Every time I fol- lowed the procedure to draw a full- screen frame, however, it disap- peared from tfie screen. This led me to believe that I must be performing the touch and button operations in- correcdy, further confusing me on the other commands. The problem, apparently, is that the full screen isn^ available to you, at least with tfie "frame" command. Dravmig in "magnify" mode is un- necessarily difficult. When you switch to this mode, the entire pic- ture is replaced by an enlarged por- tion of the original. The problem is one of guessing which portion you are viewing. Also, Fd advise against ap- m 6ider May 1984 Hardware Reviews plications whidl require letting or labeling, unless you have an extraor- dinary amount of free time on your hands. It may be possible, however, to load the picture and overlay an ex- isting character set from one of the many commercially available pro- grams. In general, thou^, both products perform very well. With practice and judicious erasing (re-drawing over errors using the background color), you should be able to use Koala Painter to create detailed pictures, pie charts, or almost any type of hi- res application you desire. Watch for new application programs. The pro- motional literature mentions games, eduction, mid finance. The Koala- Pad and Koala Painter are a bar- gain — an excellent alternative for the budget-minded among you. Retail price for the package is $125. They are manufactured by Koala Technol- ogies, 4962 El Camino Real, Suite 125, Los Altos, CA 94022. Versions are available for Apple II, II Plus, and lie. ■ Steven A. Schwartz Pittsburgh, PA Inforunner Riteman Printer The Inforunner Riteman is a small, light dot-matrix printer and everyiteng about it seems dightly miniaturized. Its low profile appeals to the computer user with limited space or a need to carry the printer. Its low price, too, is an attraction. The Ritmian does not have all the features of the latest matrix printers with higher price tags. It does, how- ever, offer more than plain vanilla printing at the standard 10 charac- ters per inch (t^. Compassed chais acters are printed at 16 cpi and ex- panded characters at 5 cpi. Riteman combines these two variations, print- ing expanded compressed characters at 8 cpi. It is able to print charaeters in italic rather than block style for a total of eight different character sizes and shapes. Characters are formed u^ng a ma- trix of dots five wide by nine high. (The lowest two dots are used only for descenders on the lowercase let- ters g, i, p, q, and y,) Current print- ers use a denser matrix for character quality. Those printed by the Rite- man are squarish and noticeably dot- ty, but crisp and easy to read. The dots are pronounced aJong horizontal strokes within the standard 10-cpi characters. For denser characters, the Rite- man ofieis emphasized and double- strike printing modes. These can be used separately or combined, with some sacrifice of printing speed. In the eniphasized mode, each charac- ter dot is printed twice, because the dots overlap horizontally for a solid, darker look. Diagonal strokes look the most bumpy. After each line is printed in the double-strike mode, the printhead returns to the starting position and prints the line again. Between passes, the paper advances slightly (1 /288th inch). The repetition makes the verti- cal strokes more solid, and produces darker characters. The horizontal strokes remain fairly dotty. The most solid characters combine emphasized and double-strike print- ing modes. They're best used when words need to be emphasized within text, such as for headings and titles. One additional print-style feature is the ability to print subscript and su- perscript text . This is not simply the ability to print normal characters a half line below or above the current line. The Riteman prints half-height characters in the lower or upper half of the line to allow you the lase of sub- scripts and superscripts within single- spaced text without printing over part of another line. Printing speed is rated by the manu- facturer at 120 characters per second ipg^ in the normal printing mode! There is a pause between printing lines, because there is no extra built in memory to receive characters for the next line while the current line is printed. This reduces the overall printing speed, but offers no particu- lar problem. The double-strike mode slows down printout speed by half. Em- phasized printing is 25 percent slower than the normal mode. Other Riteman commands: • Underline characters. • Adjust spacing between lines, by increments as small as l/288th inch. • Control the paper-out sensor switch. • Set form length in lines per page or inches per page. • Set horizontal tab stops. • Set line spacing between printed pages. • Allow only one-way rather than bidirectional printing (for maximum precision in aligning columns). • Activate one of three dot-address- able graphics modes: single-density with 480 dots per line, double-densi- ty with 960 dots, or "one-to-one" with 576 dots. Features not available on the Rite- man are proportional character spac- ing, reverse line feeding, and pro- granmiable vertical forms control. The Riteman comes equipped with only a one-line memory buffer for storing characters. The Riteman accepts paper up to 10 inches wide by sheet, in rolls, or fan-folded. (It only prints across an 8-inch line.) Sprockets guide 10-inch perforated-edge paper, but can be moved for rolls or single sheets. The tractor feed is necessary for perfo- rated-edge paper less than 10 inches wide. Feeding single sheets of paper is bothersome. Pulling the rolleiis away from the platen releases the platen's grip on the paper. And once the pa- per is held between rollers and platen, it goes through a slot in the hinged top cover brfore the cover is closed. Twelve internal switches set vari- ous options. These include default power-on settings for line spacing, character pitch, printing mode, pa- per perforation sldp, and interna- tional character set (United States, France, Germany, or United King- dom). You can also choose to print the zero character with or without a slash. The Riteman is manufactured by Inforurmer, 1621 Stanford St., Santa M^1984 dieter 121 Circle 229 on Reader Service card. iB^ypress, including control riiiracters tor ^"^^TpHing, rubout, etc. Adjustabie delay to ^ " J^your typing touch, ONiOff control. j|eed Curson Mak^$'.;/Sppie's REPT gll^^d ccmtrof to dbUW^ t^e repeat ^]^fiigyCalc spreadshie^:^;get there II^^^^Bt for 80 column'di:^lays, t<kw option for the REPEAT€RRRR: SHIFTrkey Modification: SHIFT as you should^ Get the "standardized" conneaion iSHIFT-key to Game I/O) whHe leaving the ^^ame I/O open with our plug-In connectoi -^ipported by most popufafel^ord proces-^i^' tiors (Apple Writer Word Handier, Screen PM/rrter ff, etc) and many other programs. t.W'orkS only with certa'm software and/or ?st 80 column boards. or order direct. Add $2 per order shipping/handlir ($5 foreign}. Ohio ordiers add tax. Check, MasterCard VISA (In ^ no. Si exp. <id^.M day tr}3^.' staMatJon. Opep; onneaofj board ( ijD and plug onto ' syboard and later). without SHPFT-key modification Z*r^* Circle 264 on Reader Service card. s op more 95 lonrf most If^nieo^ide up- r e to cVia'^^^. *^ -^^^ * no to »s also P" 79 Runs on. 48K Apple II, II plus, lie, or HI (emu- lation mode) with I or 2, 3.3 drives ESSENTIAL DATA DUPLICATOR II • EDD rarely needs parameter changing • Automatically finds the beginning of each track • Unlike any of the Copycards, EDO backs up the entire disk, not Just what is in memory • Accurately finds "auto-sync" bytes and their lengths • Can copy and tracks TO ORDER OR FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL (707J 257-2420 UTILICO MICROWARE 3377 Solano Ave., Suite 352, Napa. GA 94558 -Hardware Reviews Moirica, CA 90404. It seUs for $399. Fm impressed with the features and performance packaged in this small, inexpensive printer. If you need ac- ceptable, printed output for anything up to inrarmal correspondence, the mt^an is a good choice. ■ Jon Voskuil Milfoid^NH Apple Color Plotter The Apple Color Plotter is a desk- top machine that draws pic- tures under control of any computer that has a serial port. It will draw on sheet paper or transparent film as large as 11 -by- 17 inches. As your computer sends its commands, the plotter slides the paper back and forth while moving colored pens at right angles to the paper movement. It has built-in commands for drawing hues, circles, arcs, and symbols in any combination of avdlable colors. It also writes text anywhere on the sheet in any size, vertically, horizon- tally, or at any angle in between. You can change the dmracfcer aspect ratio for special ^iects, and you can tilt the lettering from vertical to create italics. The plotter has commands for co- ordinate axis drawing when you want to make aw X-Y graph, It will generate tick marks automatically to the scale you desire. For drawing da- ta lines there are nine built-in line patterns including dotted and dashed lines. You can generate custom line patterns, too. Pens and Capper The pen carrier holds four pens. At present there are eight different col- ors available in two different widths. Special pens are available to draw on transparent film. The carrier looks like a gun turret v^th the points going in four directions. The plotter selects the pen by turning the turret. Since the pens are somewhat difficult to re- move from the carrier, Apple has supplied a neat pen capper that cov- ers all four pens at the flick of a wrist. The pens dry out quickly, so this is a welcome accessory. 122 &der May 1984 Apple Peripherals Are All We Make That's Why We're So Good At It! THE NEWTIMEMASTER II Automatically date stamps files with PRO-DOS NEW 1984 DESIGN An official PRO-DOS Clock • Just plug It in and your programs can read the year, month, date, day, and time to 1 millisecond! The only clock with both year and ms. • NiCad battery keeps theHMEMASTER II running^for over ten years. • Full emulation of ALL other clocks. Yes, we emulate Brand A, Brand T, Brand P, Brand C, Brand S and Brand M too. Its easy for the TIMEMASTER to emulate other clocks^ we just drop off features. Thaf s why we can emulate others, but others CAN'T emulate us. • The TIMEMASTER II will automatically emu late the correct clock card for the software you're using. You can also give the TIMEMASTER II a simple command to teil it which clock to emulate (but you'll like the Timemaster mode better). This is great for writing pro grams for those poor unfortunates that bought some other clock card. • Basic, Machine Code^ GP/M and Pascal software on 2 disks! • Eight software controlled interrupts so you can execute two programs at the same time (many examples are included). • On-board timer lets you time any interval up to 48 days long down to the nearest millisecond. The TIMEMASTER If includes 2 disks with some really fantastic time oriented programs (over 40) includingappointment book so you'll neverforget to do anything again. Enter your appointments up to ayear in advance then forget them. Plus DOS dater so it wil 1 automatically add the date when disk files are created or modified. The disk is over a $200.00 value alone— we give the software others sell. All software packages for business, data base management and communications are made to read the TIM EMASTER 1 1. If you want the most powerful and the easiest to use clock for your Apple, you want a TIMEMASTER II. PRICE $129.00 Super Music Synthesizer Improved Hardware and Software Complete 1 6 voice music synthesizer on one card. Just plug it into your Apple, connect the audio cable (supplied) to your stereo, boot the disk supplied and you are ready to input and play songs. If s easy to program music with our compose software. You will start right away at inputting your favorite songs. The Hi-Res screen shows what you have entered in standard sheet music format. Now with new improved software for the easiest and the fastest music input system available anywhere. We give you lots of software. In addition to Compose and Play pro-ams, 2 disks are filled with over 30 songs ready to play. Easy to program in Basic^to generate complex sound effects. Now your games can have explosions, phaser zaps, train whistles, death cries. You name it, this card can do it. Four white noise generators which are great for sound effects. Plays music in true stereo as well as true discrete quadraphonic. Full control of attack, volume, decay, sustain and release. Will play songs written forALF synthesizer (ALF software Will not take advantage of all our card's features. Their software sounds the same in our synthesizer.) Our card will play notes from 30HZ to beyond human hearing. Automatic shutoff on power-up or if reset is pushed. Many many more features. PRICE $159.00 Z-80 PLUS! • TOTALLY compatible with ALL CP/M software, • The only Z-80 card with a special 2 K "CP/M detector" chip. • Fully compatible with microsoft disks (no pre-boot required). • Specifically designed for high speed operation in the Apple lie (runs just as fast in the 11+ and Franklin). • Runs WORD STAR, dBASE II, COBOL-80, FORTRAN-80, PEACHTREE and ALL other CP/M software with no pre-boot • A semi^custom LC and a low parts count allows the Z-80 Plus to fly thru CP/M prc^ramsata very low power level. (We use the Z-80A at fast4MHZ) • Does EVERYTHING the other Z-80 boards do, plus Z-QO interrupts. Don't confuse the Z-80 Plus with crude copies of the microsoft card. The Z-80 Plus employs a much more sophisticated and reliable design. With the Z^SO Plus you can access the largest body of software in existence, two computers in one and the advantages of both, all at an unbelievably low price PRICE $139,00 Viewmaster 80 There used to be about a dozen 80 column cards for the Apple, now there's only ONE. • TOTALLY VIdex Compatible. • 80 characters by 24 lines, with a sharp 7x9 dot matrix, • On-board 40/80 soft video switch with manual 40 column override • Fully compatible with ALL Apple languages and software— there are NO exceptions. • Low power consumption through the use of CMOS devices. • All connections are made with standard video connectors, • Both upper and lower case characters are standard. • All new design (using a new Microprocessor based C,R.T, controller) for a beautiful razor sharp display. • The VI EWMASTE R incorporates all the features of all other 80 column cards, plus many new improvements. ma NCOUWN HOMI ucKf rtH INPUIS VIEWMASTER 179 YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES SUFRTERM MORE NO YES NO NO NO NO YES YES WIZARD80 MORE NO NO NO NO YES NO YES YES VISION80 MORE YES YES NO NO YES NO NO NO OMNIVISION MORE NO YES NO NO NO NO YES YES VIEWMAXSO MORE YES YES NO NO YES NO NO YES SMARTERM MORE YES YES NO NO NO YES YES NO VIDEOTERM MORE NO NO YES NO YES YES NO YES The VIEWMASTER 80 works with all 80 column applications Including CP/M, Pascal, WordStar, Format II, Easywriter, Apple Writer II, VisiCalc, and all Others. The vrEWMASTER 80 is THE MOST compatible 80 column card you can buy at ANY price! p^j^,^ $179.00 • Expands your Apple lie to 192K memory, MemoryMaster • Provides an 80 column text display. • Compatible with all Apple lie 80 column and extended 80 column card software (same physical size as Apple's 64 K card). • Can be used as a solid state disk drive to make your programs run up to 20 times FASTER (the 64K configuration will act as half a drive). • Permits your lie to use the new double high resolution graphics. • Automatically expands Visicalc to 95 K storage in 80 columns! The 64K config. is all thafs needed, 128K can take you even higher. • PRO-DOS will use the MemoryMaster lie as a high speed disk drive. ne128KRAM Card • Precision software disk emulation for Basic, Pascal and CP/M is available at a very low cost NOT copy protected. • Documentation included, we show you how to use all 192K. If you already have Apple's 64 Kcardtjustorderthe MEMORYMASTER lie vnth64K and use the 64 K from your old board to grve you a full 128K. (The board Is fully socketed so you simply plug in more chips.) MemoryMaster I le with 1 28K $249 Upgradeable MemoryMaster lie with 64K $169 Non-U pgradeable MemoryMaster lie with 64 K $149 Our boards are far superior to most of the consumer electronics made today. All I.C.'s are in high quality sockets with mil-spec, components used throughout. P.C. boards are glass- epoxy with gold contacts. Made in America to be the best in the world. All productswork in the APPLE ME, II, 11+ and Franklin. The MemoryMaster lie is lie only. Applied Engineering also manufactures a full line of data acquisition and control products for the Apple; A/D converters and digital I/O cards, etc. Please call for more information. All our products are fully tested with complete documentation and available for Immediate delivery. All products are guaranteed with a no hassle THREE YEAR WARRANTY. Texas Residents Add 5% Sales Tax Add $10.00 If Outside U.S.A. Dealer Inquiries Welcome Send Check or Money Order to: APPLIED ENGINEERING P.O. Box 798 Carrollton, TX 75006 Call (214) 492-2027 8 a. m. to 1 1 p.m. 7 days a week MasterCard, Visa & CCD. Welcome No extra charge for credit cards May 1984 feider 123 Hardware Reviews The control panel on the plotter lets you select the mode of operation and allows you to do some simple drawing. There are lights on the pan- el to indicate the mode of operation and error conditions. Paper alignment is done with in- dex marks on the plotter bed. Insert- ing and aligning the paper takes about two or tiiree seconds. For larger paper there is a detachable wire rack to keep the paper from flopping around. When using the large paper you will need a lot of room on top of your d^k. You won't be able to use preprint- ed graph paper with this plotter. It is impossible to position the paper pre- cisely enough. But I found I didn't need that kind of paper, anyway. The only interface available with this plotter is serial RS-232C with hardware handshaking. The cable included with the system is designed for an Apple Super Serial Card. Hav- ing a Prometheus Versacard with a serial port, I had to make a special ca- ble using four wires to make the sys- tem work. Easy Comm ands Commands for the Apple Color Plotter are in plain text format— that is, ordinary alphanumeric characters that you can read. It recognizes 25 different two-letter codes to start a command. If required, the command is followed by a list of arguments, separated by commas. A return is normally used to terminate a com- mand. For printed characters, it must be a control-C. The commands are not too hard to understand. For instance, DA 100,200 means to Draw Absolutely from where the pen is to X = 100 and Y = 200. This draws a line between those two points. MA means to Move Absolutely without drawing. PS is the Pen Select command. CA draws a cir- cle, while AC draws an arc. PL is Print Lettering. Among the interesting features of this plotter are the Viewport and Window capabilities. The Viewport command advises the plotter of the absolute working area on the physi- cal sheet of paper. If you want the drawing to fit in a certain portion of the paper, tell the plotter the coor- dinates of the comers of that area. Then use the Window command to scale the viev^rt to any dimension you desire. The plotter will draw to the new scale, but not outside tfie viewport. You can also use the View- port and Window commands to cre- ate text of different sizes and aspect ratios. The plotter has an international education; that is, it writes in other languages besides English. Included Circle 134 on Reader Service card. PRINTERS EPSON FX 80 529.95 EPSON RX 80 289.95 EPSON RX 80 FT 399.95 EPSON FX 100 729.95 ADJ. TRACTOR [FX] . 29.95 Epson FX-80 miscelaneous ^ HARDWARE iNTERFACES Microtek GX 99.95 Microtek Dumpling i6K 149.95 Grappler + , . 129.95 Buffered Grappler 199.95 P-KASO. . 139.95 MONITORS AMDEK 300 AMBER 169.95 AMDEK 300 GREEN 159.95 COMREX 5600 AMBER 149.95 COMREX 6600 RGB W/Apple Interface Card & Cable 329.96 VIDEX VIDEOTERM . 199,95 VIDEX ULTRATERM 289.95 ALS Z-CARD 139.95 ALS CP/M 3.0 64K ... ...... 299.95 WILDCARD II 99.95 HAYES MICROMODEM HE , . , . ..... 259.95 KENSINGTON SYSTEM SAVER . 69.95 KOALA PAD 94,95 KRAFT JOYSTICK 47,95 SUPERSPRITE W/SOFTWARE . . . 319.95 MX/FX RIBBONS.. . 7.95 3/21.00 MICRO MERCHANT 898 Via Lata • P,0. Box 1516 • Colton, CA 92324 800-652-8391 orders onlyi 714-824-5555 CA, ak, hi (Customer Service. Order Status) TO ORDER: Send Money Order or Cashiers Check, personal checks held 21 days. California residents add 6% sales tax. VISA or M/C add 3%. SHIPPING: UPS delivery add 3%, $3.00 min. APO/FPO add 5%, $5.00 min. Foreign orders add 10%, $10.00 min. Sorry no CCD's or P.O's accepted. Prices subject to change without notice. 124 £ider May 1984 Hardware Reviews in its standard selection of characters are ten punctuation marks that you can change into special symbols or accented letters. They help you write text in German, French^ Swedish, Italian, Spanish, and British English, as well as in American English. There are also 14 special symbols available to use as data points when making a graph. Basic and Pascal Ymx can use a word processor to create a file of plotter commands. Since all the commands use ASCII characters, both Apple Writer and the Pascal Editor will work. You then send the file to the plotter, just as if it w^e a printer. The instruction manual includes some sample programs in Basic and Pascal for practice in entering com- mands from the keyboard to control the plotter. Beyond these samples, you have to write all your own soft- ware to plot anything. I have not found any commercial softw^are that uses the Apple Color Plotter. How- ever, Fm sure that won't be the case for long. The manuals included with the plotter are also good for rrference. They don't include a lot of program- ming examples, but have enough to get you started. They are well-writ- ten and contain a good index for finding thin^ qtdcfiy. The only complaint I had was the confusing explanation of Viewports and Win- dows. I used up a good bit of paper learning about those commands. Also induded with the plotter are the eight different colored pens, the pen capper, a pack of 8V2-by-ll and a pack of ll-by-17 paper, and a con- necting cable for use with the Apple Super Serial Card. The paper is very "I found the Apple Color Plotter to be a quiet, well-built machine/' high quality and makes the best plots of any paper I tried. I found the Apple Color Plotter to be a qtdet, well-built machine with no operating "glitches." The accesso- ries and documentation are good quality. The ability to plot on ll-by-17 paper or transparencies is unusual for a idotfca: in tite price range. It is easy to interface with any computer with a serial interface that supports hardware handshaking. The major shortcoming is the lack of commercial software to run the ma- chine. But, as I said, I don't think that will be the case for long. The Ap- ple Color Plotter is available from your Apple dealer for $799. ■ Lee E* Sumner Dallastown, PA Circle 141 on Reader Service card. CRACKING TECHNIQUES Share the secrets of the world's greatest crackers . . . Axe Man, Bozo NYC, Candy Man, Cloneman, Disk Zapper, Lock Buster, Long John Silver, Jim Phelps, Mr, Krac-Man, Red Rebel, Trystan II, Reset Vector, fhe Woodpecker, Mr Xerox . . . and many more! Study complete tutorials on Boot Tracing, Software Tricks, Non-Maskable Interrupt, Ram For faster service, charge your order to Card Modifications, Hardware Tricks and other tried and true techniques. Discover indispensable tips on over 40 specific programs for Apple users. Customize your software to suit your onm needs! Order your copy oi CRACKING TECH- NIQUES '84 today. Supplied on disk for Apple Computers. ge y MasterCard or VISA. $39.95 Call our toll free number and ask for Operator 68 1-800-824-7888 In California, call 1-800-852-7777 J» PIRATES >< HARBOR PIRATES HARBOR, INC. P.O. Box 8928, Boston, MA 02n4 VOICE: (617) 227-7760 MODEM: (617) 720-3600 Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc. I I I YES, I want to learn the secrets of Cracking Techniques '84. n Enclosed is my check/money order for $39.95 (Massachusetts residents add 5% sales tax). NAME: riTY- RTATE- 7JP' PHONE: ( ) M PIRATES X HARBOR PIRATES HARBOR, INC., PO. Box 8928, Boston, MA 02114 IC-12 I I I May 1984 feider 125 Software Reviews Cut & Paste After the success of its Pinball and Music Construction Sets, Electronic Arts has produced a Text Construction Set — Cut & Paste, a word processor that offers attractive simphcity, surprising power, and a bargain price ($49.95). It's not the revolution in home software that EA's ads and packaging claim, but it's a strong contender in the sub-$70 word processing wars. Once you get past the 1,000 word essay on the package, which follows EA's advertising policy of colossal vanity — the members of its staff have the most brilliant minds in computing, Gut & Paste is the fir^ truly usable word processor— there*s the C&P program disk, a document disk, and a passable manual (it relies on or supplements the command summary card, instead of the other way around) . Booting the program disk loads C&P into memory; after that, all work, even copying or formatting new disks, can be done with a docu- ment disk in drive 1— a boon for sin- gle-drive Apple users. (If you have two drives, you can work with two document disks at once, toggling C&P's read and write functions from one to the other. This conve- nience makes up for the program's requiring its own, rather than DOS's, disk formatting.) With a document disk loaded, pressing return calls one of Cut & Paste's two screen displays — a cata- log of the disk's ffles (to start from scratdi, you load the file named Blank). The bottom two lines of the screen are devoted to a command menu and accompanying prompts; to load a file, you use the arrow keys to select it from the catalog, press escape to enter the menu, and pr^ return when the cursor's on the Load function. Besides Load, the catalog menu lets you print, delete, or rename a file, copy or format a disk, switch to drive 2, end a C&P session, or con- figure the program to your system (40- or 80-column display, 10 or 12 printer characters per inch, and so on). C&P s other screen display is, of course, the text file you're working on, which scrolls between an identi- fying line at top and another com- mand menu at bottom. Again, escape enters the menu and return executes the selected function, whether in the command menu or sub-menus: Save, for instance, faring a choice of saving the file under its current or a new name or aborting the process. Cut & Paste is named for its pri- mary editing feature. The program is always in "insert mode," pushing text ahead of the cursor instead of writing over it, and the delete key is a destructive backspace. To delete forward or cut or move large blocks of text, oontrol-A marks the start of a block, defined with the arrow k^ in reverse video; the Cut function moves it from the screen into a buff- er, and Paste inserts the bufe*s con- tents or most recently cut text at the cursor. Other menu options let you inspect or empty the buffer, or indent or unindent the left margin five spaces at a time (useful for oudines, though there's no centering, justification, or change in the right margin). There's no print preview feature as in Sierra On-Iine's HomeWord, but you can save and sdect among three printing formats for di£foreiit sizes of paper or kinds of files. While Cut & Paste's menus make it easy aiou^ for diildr^ or begin- ners, experienced users wiU appreci- ate its ability to take commands from the keyboard as well (to cut text, for example, control-C is a time-saving alternative to escape, three right arrows, and return). They'll also like being able to scroll one screen up or down or to the top or bottom of a file, though there's no quick way to move the cursor hori- zontally. Also, carriage returns are invisible, and thus easily overlooked or deleted accidentally. Finally, experts will be slowed by C&P's bevy of prompts or error messages, but to usexs prone to quit without saving their latest versions ("You Haven't Saved Your Changes*), they're invaluable. Cut & Paste is a litde harder to learn than Bank Street Writer, but considerably easier to use (it avoids BSWs clumsy switching between writing and editing modes, and has a full 80-coltuim display beades). Like other economical word proces- sors, it's simple enough for small jobs or home use; unlike many, it's al- most as powerful as a big program for "real" work. I don't like the package, but I like the program. Ifs available from Electronic Arts, 2755 Campus Drive, San Mateo, CA 94403. ■ Eric Grevstad Peterborough, NH LQ. Baseball With all due respect to the rabid Yankee and Red Sox fans in my own family, Chicago Cubs and White Sox fans are the greatest in the world. They always enjoy the game, win or lose. Only Chicagoans, witii their great love of the game, could have created a base- ball trivia game as much fun as LQ. Baseball. I.Q. Baseball really challenges your baseball knowledge; it's no game for the casual, seasonal fan. To win at this game you have to think baseball 365 days a year, which is of 126 feider Nfay 1984 itself a healthy and worthwhile thing to do. The format of the quiz is a baseball game, depicted in high-resolution color graphics. Besides the sights of the game, there are also the sounds of the ballpark: the roar of the crowd, the stadium organ and one of the best voice simulations I've encountered in a cxMtiput^ gaine. Othaf t^istic touches include cheering for home team home runs, "rally" and "charge" music when your runners are on base, rain delays (and rain- outsl) and, in the true Chicago White Sox tradition, the playing of "Na-na- hey-hey Goodbye!" when a pitcher is yanked from the game. Before the game begins the player must choose between solitaire (hu- man/computer) and two-player ac- tion and between "Minor League" and "Major League" questions. Hav- ing accomplished that, there's a brief pause for the National Anthem, the shout of "Play ball!" and at last the game begins. Once the animated batter steps up to the plate the pitcher hurls the ball and, in the text window below the graphic, a multiple choice question is displayed. In the solitaire mode, with the computer batting, your choice of a correct answer results in an auto- matic oiit. In the instance of an incor- rect answer, the computer usually awards itself a hit; frequently a dou- ble, triple or a home run. The human player will find, dur^ ing his at-bats for the home team, that the job of scoring runs is fairly difficult. From time to time during your "up/* the ball you hit with your right answer will be fielded by the third baseman for one out and you will be left with the curiously un- consoling message, "Oh no! You was robbedl" If there are runners on base, if s likely that there will be a double or triple play. I saw more triple plays in this game in one afternoon than in 25 years of watching live baseball. The point is, in order to score runs you have to be very, very consistently correct in answering the "Question Ball." The questions are not all out of the range of the average fan, to be sure. Almost anyone can pick the name of the man who hit the most home runs in a 162 game season (Roger Maris, 1961), or the name of the first expan- sion team to win a World Series (the 1969 N.Y. Mets, God bless em). Now try these questions from the "Minor Leagl^ list on for size: • What player-manager led the In- dians to the '48 championship? • Who was the only pitcher to ap- pear in more than 1,000 games? • Who pitched a 12-inning perfect game but lost in the 13th inning? • Who was the player Seattle fans nicknamed "The Inspector?" • What player won the MVP for two years miming? No, the answers are not on page 89. As Casey Stengel used to say, you could look 'em up. I strongly suggest that you do so before you play I.Q. Baseball, and most especially before you attack the much more difficult queries from the "Major League" list. Playing with that list you will fliKi the "Visitors" hitting more home runs and your side hitting into more dou- ble plays. You have to be super-con- sistently correct to win the advanced game. The questions seem to have a mid- western orientation to them, focusing on the exploits and lore of the Cubs, White Sox, Twins, Brewers and Reds. For those with their own re- gional bias, there are supplementary question disks for each of the 26 ma- jor league teams and a special World Series question disk. Now you'll be able to find out just how much you really know about that favorite team of yours. I.Q. Baseball is not the slickest game I've seen in terms of graphics. The graphic design and animation are adequate for the job but unin- spired. This one consideration aside, the game plays well. I.Q. Baseball is great entertainment and engrossing fun for anyone who really eiqoys baseball. Even if you don't aspire to baseball expertise now, a few games with I.Q. Baseball could easily make an expert out of you — or at least give you enough ammunition to prevail in a few taproom controversies. I.Q. Baseball is manufactured by Davka Corporation, 845 North Michigan Ave., Chicago IL 60611. The game disk costs $24.95. The indi- vidual team disks and the World Se- ries disk each cost $14.95. The game requires an Apple II with Applesoft and 48K or an Apple He. Brian J. Murphy Fairfield, CT Cubit Cubit is a look-alike for Q-Bert. Originality is not this game's long suit. What is important is that the game provides a lively and light- hearted arcade challenge. Assuming for a moment that you haven't seen Q-Bert or Cubit before, let me introduce you to the hero of this look-alike. He's only a few pixels high on your high-res color video screen, perfectly round with two ^bby legs, a hooked nose, and a marked tendency to cuss a streak, in cartoonese "#$:&!!," when he's trip- ped up in his quest to change the col- or of the pyramid. Ah, yes — the pyramid. This is probably the only example of win- ning a game by climbing down the pyramid — and up again, and side- ways, and down. The pyramid is made of cubes with three sides show- ing. Your job, using joystick or key- board commands, is to liiianeuver Cubit onto the top face of these blocks, changing their color. When Cubit has changed all the blocks to May 1984 ^ider 127 Software Reviews the target cxdor, then the game pro- gresses to the next levd. The game is divided into four levels of difficulty, with each level divided into four rounds. The game sounds ample at fir^ but there are a £ew surprises in store for our hero Cubit as he bounds up and down the pyramid. One such surprise is the rocks that roll down the pyramid. In the easier levds, the rocl^ roll from one cube to the next with stately slowness. You should have no difficulty helping Cubit dodge them. In the higher rounds and levels, the rocks increase in num- ber and move faster. Sometimes as a rock reaches the bottom of the pyra- mid, it will metamorphose into a snake that vigDrously pursues the little Don'tThrow Away Your Apple / le* 80 Column Text Card! Transform It Into The "Extended 64K Version' // you are not satisfied you may return within ten days for a Full Rtfund. ONE YEAR WARRANTY ■■■■■ ($t^ngnotincii^ ^ Extend 80 plugs into your standard 80 colunnii card to make your Apple/ /e* a 128K system. Extend 80 offers Tofa/ Compatibility. i> Extend 80 is a quality, thoroughly tested product. 1^ Extend 80 sells for just $129.95 + * Apple / /e is a trademark of Apple Computer, Inc. + Add $3.00 for shipping ($10.00 outside the U.S. — Payment in U.S. dollars only) DEALER INQUIRIES WELCOME — \ want Extend 80 for Just $129.d5 + □ Mastercard □ Visa □ Check, M.O. (FL residents add 5% sales tax) Name Tel. # City_ Stgnature _ ChafioCSwdff. _ Exp. Date . (ALLOW 10 DAYS FOR PERSONAL CHECKS If you prefer ask your Local Dealer to order Extend 80 for you. CARIBBEAN COMPUTER SALES, INC. 22 1 EAST OSCEOLA - SUITE 110 STUART, FL 33^94 C303) 2^7-3336 hero all over the pyramid. Escape may be difficiilt, especially when you're at a level where the squares you haven't landed on yet are invisible. Among Cubit's worst enemies are the Gremlins. These litde guys horn in on Cubit's act by hopping on the cubes Cubit already landed on and change their color again. This makes life hard for Cubit, especially when he's on a level where he has to land on a cube face more than once to change its color. It's a good thing that Cubit can kill off these creatures merely by touching them. Cubit's best friends are the stars and the disks. The disks are spinning objects that hover just beyond the pyramid. If Cubit jumps onto one, the disk will take him back to the top of the pyramid. The disk provides not only an ideal escape route from a snake, but a possible death trap for the snake, since it may follow Cubit off the structure. Unfortunately for the snake, it can never touch the disk. Instead, tiie snake will fall to its death. The stars help out when Cubit touches them by temporarily freezing all the rocks, snakes, and Gremlins, giving Cubit the chance to finish re- coloring the pyramid. Cubit is good fun for youngsters and adults alike. The graphics are good, but not great, and die sound effects are appropriate and adequate. The important thing is play value, and in that respect, Cubit is a win- ner. This is the way to go if you want to recreate Q-Bert with your Apple. Cubit can leap into your arms from the corporate pyramid of Mi- cromax, 6868 Nancy Ridge Drive, San Diego, CA 92121. It's designed for use with 48K Apple lis and with the He. Price is $39.95. ■ Brian J, Murphy Fairfield, CT OPVAL Since listed stock options began trading in 1973, they have been one of the fastest growing forms of in- vestment. Leverage, or the ability to 128 £lder May 1984 ATARISOFT Centipede $28.00 Defender . . . . . .$28.00 Pac-Man $28.00 Robotron20a4 28.00 AVALON HILL T.A.C ....$28.00 Tetengard 28.00 AVANT-GARDE CREATIONS Computer Golf 2 $25,00 BEAGLE BROTHERS Alpha Plot $28.00 Apple Mechanic ........ 21.00 Beagle Bag 21,00 Beagle Basrc 28.00 DOS Boss..,.....,...., 20.00 Double Take 25.00 Flex Text/Type 21.00 Frame Up 21,00 Pronto DOS 21.00 Tip Disk #1 .............15.00 Typefaces 15,00 Utility City. .21.00 BLUE CHIP Baron $42.00 Millionaire 42.00 Tycoon 42.00 BRODERBUND A.E ..^S.OO Bank Street Writer . . . . . .48.00 Chopliftef ........ .,.,..25.00 Drol I., 25.00 Gumball 21.00 Lode Runner 25.00 Spare Change .25.00 CALIFORNIA PACIFIC Ultima/Akalabeth $25.00 CBS SOFTWARE Goren: Learning Bridge Made Easy $56.00 Mastering the SAT 105.00 Mystery Master 25.00 Success With Math . . .ea. 20.00 DATAMOST Aztec $28.00 Bilestoad... 28.00 Casino 28.00 Swashbuckler 25.00 Theif 21.00 DATASOFT Zaxxon $28.00 DECISION SUPPORT The Accountant $9d.00 Business Accountant . . .225.00 DESIGN-WARE Creature Creator $28.00 Crypto-Cube 28.00 Spellicopter 28.00 Trap-A-Zoid 28.00 EDU-WARE Algebra 1-4 ea $28.00 Algebra5&6 35.00 Compu-Read 21.00 Decimals 35.00 Fractions 35.00 Prisoner 2 25.00 Rendezvous 28.00 EINSTEIN Einstein Compiler $99.00 Memory Trainer ........ 68.00 DOW JONES & CO. Dow Jones Connector $ 40.00 Investment Evaluator 110.00 Market Analyzer . 275.00 Market Manager .... 235.00 Market Microscope 559.00 H.A.L. LABS Super Taxman 2 $20.00 Vindicator ...20.00 HAYDEN SOFTWARE Go $25.00 MicroMath ea. 21.00 ORCA/M 99.00 Pie Writer 2.2 112.00 Sargon III 35.00 HOWARD SOFTWARE Tax Preparer 1983 $169.00 Tax Preparer 1984 ..... CALL INFOCOM Deadline $35.00 Enchanter 35.00 Infidel 35,00 Planetfail 35.00 Starcross 28.00 Suspended 35.00 Witness 35.00 Zork I, II, III ea 28.00 KOALA TECHNOLOGIES Koala Touch Tablet $89.00 Coloring Book 21,99 Spider Eater 21.00 KRELL SOFTWARE Krell Logo $75.00 KrellSAT 249.00 L & S COMPUTERWARE Crossword Magic $35.00 LIGHTNING SOFTWARE Master Type $28.00 MICROLAB Death in Carribean .... .$25.00 Dirto Eggs.... 28.00 Miner 2049er 2a00 MICROMAX Cubit $28.00 (Call for pricing on MICROMAX hardware) MICROSOFT MultiPlan $175.00 Olympic Decathlon 21.00 Typing Tutor II 20.00 MONOGRAM Dollars & Sense $79.00 No Hidden Charges No Charge for Credit Cards No Shipping Delay for Personal Checks MUSE Advanced Blackjack $35.00 Castle Wolfenstein 21.00 Caverns of Freitag 21.00 Eating Machine 35.00 Robot War 28.00 Super Text .... . 79.00 ODESTA Chess 7.0 $49.00 Checkers ...35.00 Odin ...35.00 OMEGA MICROWARE Chart Trader + , $1 49.00 Inspector... ,. .,,...45,00 Locksmith 5.0 ,..,75.00 Watson 35.00 ORIGIN SYSTEMS Exodus: Ultima III $40.00 HARDWARE JOYSTICKS AND PADDLES Hayes Joysticks . . . CALL Kraft Joystick 40.00 Kraft Paddles . 35.00 MODEMS Apple Cat II $295.00 Apple Cat212 ... . 580.00 Micromodem lie . . 259.00 (Works with all Apples) PRINTER INTERFACES $125.00 Grappler/16K buffer 199.00 Orange Interface .. 75.00 80 COLUMN CARDS $279.00 Videoterm CALL BLANK DISKS (box of 10) Elephant SS/SD . $22.00 Elephant SS/DD . . 25.00 Maxell SS/DD 30.00 Verbatim SS/DD . . 28.00 Disk Fiie Box (holds 60) 20.00 MISCELLANEOUS HARDWARE , $99.00 Microsoft . 225.00 System Saver ... .. 65.00 PENGUIN Bouncing Kamungas . . .$15.00 Comp. Graphics Sys 49.00 Coveted Mirror 15.00 Crime Wave 15,00 Graphics Magadan 42.00 Minit Man 15,00 Pensate 15.00 Pie Man 15.00 Quest 15.00 Shortcuts ,m0Q Special Effects ..mOO Spy's Demise 15.00 Spy Strikes Back 15.00 Thunderbombs 15.00 Transylvania 15.00 PHOENIX SOFTWARE Maaqueme $25.00 Sherwood Forest 25.00 SCREENPLAY Ken Uston's Professional Blackjack $49.00 SENSIBLE SOFTWARE Bookends $99.00 Sensible Speller 99.00 SIERRA ON-LINE Adv. m Mission Asteroid .$15.00 Adv, #1 Mystery House 15.00 Adv. 4^ Wizard & the Princess 25.00 Adv. #3Cranston Manor 25.00 Adv. #4 Ulysses 25.00 Adv. #5 Time Zone 70.00 Adv. #6 Dark Crystal .... 28.00 Dragon's Keep 21.00 Frogger . ...............25.00 Learning W/Leeper 21.00 Mr. Cool 21.00 Quest for Tires 25.00 Sammy Lightfoot 21.00 Troll's Tale 2100 Ultima II 42.00 The Artist 60.00 Homeword 37.00 Screertwftter II ^00 SILICON VALLEY SYSTEMS Word Handler $45.00 List Handler 40.00 Spell Handler 45.00 The Handlers Pkg. ......99.00 SIR-TECH Wizardry $35.00 Knight of Diamonds 25.00 Legacy of LLylgamyn ...2a00 Wiziprint . , 20.00 RISING SUN SOFTWARE 4200 PARK BLVD. OAKLAND, CALIFORNIA 94602 (415) 482-3391 Ordering Information: We'll accept any form of payment— cash, personal check, money order, VISA/ MasterCard, or CCD. Send cash at your own risk. Add $2.00 for UPS shipping; $3.00 for Blue Label Air. California residents add applicable sales tax. ALL orders shipped same day received. If we are out of stock on a particular item we will include a special tx)nu5 with your order when shipped. CALL TOLL FREE 800-321-7770 (outside California) 800-321-7771 (Inside California) SIRIUS Critical Mass $28.00 Gamma Goblins 12.00 Gorgon 20.00 Gruds in Space 28.00 Orbitron 12.00 Repton 28.00 Type Attack 28.00 Wayout 28.00 SOFTWARE ENTERTAINMENT Electronic Playground $20.00 Stellar 7. ............... 28.00 SOFTWARE PUBUSHINQ PFS: File $95.00 PFS: Report 95.00 PFS: Graph 95.00 PFS: Write 95.00 (Specify for II or lie) SPINNAKER Alphabet Zoo $21.00 Delta Drawing 35.00 Face Maker 25.00 KIndercomp 21.00 Most Amazing Thing 28.00 Snooper Troops ea. 32.00 Story Machine 25.00 Trains 28.00 STRATEGIC SIMULATIONS Bomb Alley $42.00 Broadsides 28.00 Carrier Force 42.00 Computer Ambush 42.00 Computer Baseball 28.00 Computer Quarterback 28.00 Cosmic Balance ea. 28.00 Eagles ...28.00 Fighter Command 42.00 Fortress 25.00 Galactic Adventures . . . . .42.00 Geopolitique 1990 28.00 Germany 1985 42.00 Knights of the Desert 28.00 North Atlantic '86 42.00 Prof. Tour Golf 28.00 RDF 1985 25.00 Ringside Seat 28,00 Tigers in the Snow 28.00 Warp Factor 2800 STONEWARE DB Master V.4 ..$279.00 SUB-LOGIC Flight Simulator II $35.00 Night Mission Pinball .... 21.00 Saturn Navigator 25.00 Space Vikings 35.00 UTILICO SOFTWARE Essential Data Duplicator $60.00 ULTRASOFT Mask of the Sun $28.00 Serpent's Star 28.00 VISICORP VIsiCalc. $175.00 VtsiCalc Ite 175.00 VIsiCalc Adv. lie 220.00 VisiFile 175.00 XEROX EDUCATION Chivalry ...^.00 Fat City 28.00 Old Ironsides 28.00 Stickybear ABC 28.00 Basketbounce 28.00 Bop asoo Numbers .... — 2a00 Opposltes 2S00 Shapea ..2a00 Circle 309 on Reader Service card. May 1984 ^ider 129 Join Ihs one computer club that means business — THE PRENTICE-HALL personal computer BOOK CLUB Now, specifically for business and professional people The Prentice-Hall Personal Computer Book Club . Join today and quickly develop sharp computer skills. Find out about software that fills your needs. Keep up with advances in hardware, software, and peripherals. Special Introductory Offer: Free Trial / Free Gift / No Obligation Circle 187 on Reader Service card. FREE TRIAL: You get the Basic Personal Computer Library (an $80.80 value) for only $2.95. It covers the most important personal computer topics In four handy volumes: • Developing Computer Solutions to Your Business Problems t Getting the Most Out of Your Word Processor • How to Find and Buy Good Software • The Visicalc Applications Book The titles are self-explanatory. The quality and content -- only you can judge. So try them all, FREE, for 15 days. If the Basic Library meets your standards, keep it for only $2.95. Otherwise, send it back and your membership will be cancelled, no questions asked. Take the 4-volume Basic Personal Computer Library an $80.80 retail value for cjj only N> with membership in the Prentice-Hall Personal Computer Book Club PLUS a 5th Book FREE FREE GIFT: Just for examining the Basic Library, you get a FREE copy of "The Electronic Office" (list $12.95), an informative guide to office automation. It is yours to keep, no charge, even if you return the Basic, Library. NO OBLIGATION: There are no minimum purchase requirements for members. If PCBC selections aren't what you want, you won't have to buy even one. How the Club Works Every four weeks, you will receive the club bulletin, offering the finest computer books from Prentice-Hall , and other publishers. Each bulletin will feature a Main Selection and at least 50 Alternates, often including software. If you want the Main Selection, do nothing (it will be sent automatically). If you want an Alternate, or no book at all, indicate your preference on the card that comes with the bulletin and send it back. You will have at least 10 days to decide. If you receive an unwanted selection because you did not have 10 days, return it at club expense. All PCBC selections are first-quality publishers' editions, discounted up to 35%, (A postage and handling charge, plus applicable sales tax, is added to all shipments.) Qualified members may also participate in special savings programs. The Prentice-Hall Personal Computer Book Club Membership Enrollment Center Post Office Box 42, West Nyack, NY 10995 FREE GIFT/FREE EXAMINATION COUPON YES. Please enroll me as a trial member, and rush me the 4-volume Basic Personal Computer Library. Bill me only $2.95, plus local tax, postage and handling. Also rush me my FREE Gift Volume, The Electronic Office (a $12.95 value). I understand that I am under no obligation to purchase more books and that I may cancel my membership any time after I've paid for the selections I've chosen. Signature I presently have access to the following machines; □ IBM PC □ Apple □ TRS 80 □ None □ Other: : Name. Please print Address -Apt. City^ State — Zip Offer valid in Continental U.S.A. only, enrollment is subject to acceptance by the Prentice- Hall Personal Computer Book Club 55-4 65823-7 PC101-AA(3) Software Reviews - Circle 6 on Reader Service card. control large amounts of stock with little capital, lure people to options. OPVAL is a ^ock option analysis program by Bob Emmons of Calc- shop Inc., West Caldwell, NJ. It ana- lyzes option strategies and indicates when die profit potential is statisti- cally in your favor. OPVAL is designed to display in- formation just like the pages of a book. The program boots up to a table of contents, showing page titles and abbreviations in logical clusters such as calls, puts, and graphs. To go from one page to another, simply type the two-letter page code in the space provided and press return. Al- most ihe entire program is loaded in- to memory after booting, so there is litde waiting for disks to spin while performing analysis. Enter basic information into the program before starting your analy- sis. You must go to the Date and Rate page to enter the current date and prevailing interest rate on short term Treasury Bills. Afterward, the auto calendar displays the option expira- tions for the next 12 months, and the number of days remaining. You need not count the days to expiration. The date and interest rate are needed for the option valuation model, as you will see. Next, go to the Stock Data page and load stock information from your data disk, or type in the price, divi- dend, volatility, and option cycle of an issue not akeady on file. OPVAL saves stock and option prices, posi- tions, graphs, and other information to disk for future use. You don't have to input this information every time you smslym the same stock, but you must in order to update current prices. Like other option analysis pro- grams, OPVAL calculates the fair price or theoretical value of an option using the Black-Scholes model, which is a widely-accepted formula within the investment community. The model's key ingredient is a stock s volatility — a percentage of how much a stoc^ went up or down in a fixed period. Current interest rates and dividends are also needed. The Blaek-Scholes model also determines what an option should sell for relative to the unckrlying stock price until the contract expires. The theoretical prices are then compared with actual option prices to determine if they are over- or un- der-valued. Chances for profit are best when you purchase under-val- ued options and sell over-valued op- tions. This is the key to stock option evaluation programs. The main (fifierence between OP- VAL and other stock option analysis programs is the emphasis on market implied volatility. This calculates the current market prices of options in- stead of historical